Essay about Eduardo Bonilla-Silvas Book, Racism Without...

Race has been an issue in North America for many years. Eduardo Bonilla-Silva discusses the new racism in his book, Racism without Racists. Bonilla-Silva classifies the new racial discrimination as color blind racism. Color blind racism is then structured under four frames (26). Color blind racism is believed to have lead to the segregation of the white race from other minorities called white habitus. Color blind racism and white habitus has affected many people, whom don’t even realize that they are, have been or will be affected. Color blind racism is an â€Å"ideology, which acquired cohesiveness and dominance in the late 1960s, explains contemporary racial inequality as the outcome of nonracial dynamics,† according to Bonilla-Silva†¦show more content†¦The reasoning for abstract liberalism usually deals with equal opportunity, choice and individualism as a defense to white privilege (28). In this frame, it says that you can’t allow preferential treatment to certain groups to promote racial equality because equal opportunity is available for everyone. This denies that there are any advantages to whites based from history. Cultural racism uses the â€Å"they don’t have it altogether† statement (39). â€Å"The essence of the American version of this frame is â€Å"blaming the victim,† arguing that minorities’ standing is a product of their lack of effort, loose family organization, and inappropriate values,† stated Bonilla-Silva (40). Kara a MU student states, â€Å"black people that I’ve met†¦I don’t want to say waiting for a handout, but to some extent, that’s kind of what I’m like hinting at,† when asked what she thought about â€Å"blacks lacking motivation† (40). Other students used a kinder response to the above question leading to a family structure issue, a lack of education, and financially that blacks had to get a job at an earlie r age than whites (41). Cultural racism is the basis of most racism today. The blame game is used in all situations. People’s egos don’t like toShow MoreRelatedDoes Racism Still Exist?1549 Words   |  7 PagesDoes racism still exist? This is one of the countless controversies between people today in which many people might answer â€Å"no†. Others may agree with Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, a sociology professor at Duke University. Bonilla-Silva argues that racism still exists, but has become more subtle since the end of segregation. Bonilla-Silva refers to this new racism as color-blind racism. This term is defined by Bonilla-Silva in his book, White Supremacy and Racism in the Post-Civil Rights Era, as, A newRead MoreStill Seeing Of Black And White?1562 Words   |  7 PagesBlack and White? Does racism still exist? This is one of the countless controversies between people today in which many people might answer â€Å"no†. Others may agree with Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, a sociology professor at Duke University. Bonilla-Silva argues that racism still exists, but has become more subtle since the end of segregation. Bonilla-Silva refers to this new racism as color-blind racism. This term is defined by Bonilla-Silva in his book, White Supremacy and Racism in the Post-Civil RightsRead MoreRacism Without Racists, By Jordan Peele797 Words   |  4 Pagesform of covert racism existing in a post- Jim Crow era. Similarly, Eduardo Bonilla- Silva’s book Racism Without Racists acknowledges the contemporary system of racism or â€Å"new racism,† a system of covert racism currently utilized to subjugate minorities. In this section, I will analyze distinctive parts of Get Out that portray white liberal attitudes towards African Americans and compare it to Racism Witho ut Racists in order to illustrate the common acknowledgement of a new racism. Keep in mind, itRead MoreSegregation Within The Housing Market843 Words   |  4 PagesWhen people talk about racism throughout modern society, a question that emerges is â€Å"How does modern racism influence residency and neighborhoods in economic and political viewpoints?† Some argue that segregation within the housing market has been a devastating, long-term, issue for African Americans as a result of racial zoning due to income along with race, while others believe that the United States has indeed enforced policies to prevent blacks from obtaining and maintaining wealth to merge withRead MoreThe Linguistics Of Color Blind Racism1262 Words   |  6 PagesEduardo Bonilla-Silva is a professor of sociology. He has written multiple books about color racism. The linguistics of color blind racism: how to talk nasty about blacks without sounding â€Å"racist† is one of the works that incudes color racism that I will be discussing. This title describes how other races that are racists are trying to hide so they find ways to speak about the blacks trying to not sound racist. I am in agreement with Silva’s work because I have witnessed instances where semantic

Darren Aronofskys Pi Essay - 1670 Words

Darren Aronofskys Pi Is there an answer, a key to unlocking the mystery of nature, of life, of the universe? In the movie Pi, this question is explored through an intriguing, intense, thought-provoking plot, which leaves the viewer pondering its contents and ideas for hours afterwards. The movie Pi was written and directed by the young producer Darren Aronofsky. As his first big film, Pi won him Best Director at the 1998 Sundance film festival. This film was produced in an ideal time to appeal to societys increasing interest for tapping into spirituality and understanding the meaning and purpose of life. It pulls the audience in by intriguing and challenging them with complex questions and ideas and†¦show more content†¦The true bizarreness of the film is shown in Maxs insane hallucinations. The camera focuses in on Maxs right thumb twitching and shaking until his whole body is overcome by a massive migraine. Throughout the film, Max is plagued by these headaches, each beginning with a camera close-up of his twitching thumb. The dramatic effect is intensified by a mess of techno, chaotic-sounding music until suddenly there is silence signaling the end of Maxs pain and the beginning of his strange hallucinations. The ordeal is always ended by a flash of light, identical to the one he saw after his first headache at the origin of his genius. He narrates of his first headache at the age of six, caused by staring into the sun, leaving him blind for several days. When the bandages finally came off, he saw a bright light, which signified him being taken into a new state of understanding. . This incident gave Max his special ability to understand mathematics and his amazing grasp of the number theory. The movie contains several bits of narration like this by the main character, intended to give the viewer a feeling of probing into the very mind and thoughts of Max. The bizarre hallucination s seem to be a device to show the abyss of madness that Max nears. Throughout the film, Max confides in only one person, his mentor andShow MoreRelatedRod Serling And Darren Aronofsky1632 Words   |  7 PagesMark Beaton Com 320 October 15, 2015 Rod Serling and Darren Aronofsky I. Intro A. Darren Aronofsky 1. Aronofsky’s work B. Rod Serling 2. Serling’s work II. Pi A. Close-ups 1. â€Å"Eye of the Beholder† B. Ugly Faces C. Black and White 2. Twilight Zone III. Noah A. Watchers IV. Dialogue used in Aronofsky’s work A. Connection to Twilight Zone Intro Darren Aronofsky is a film maker who has made a variety of films throughout his career. He has worked as the director, producer, and writer onRead MoreThe Effects Of Heroin And Prescription Opiates1971 Words   |  8 Pagesthe high that comes with their first hit of heroin. Who does the prescription drug and heroin epidemic most effect? Where do these people live and go to school and work? What is the rate of overdose and how can this be prevented? In director Darren Aronofsky’s 2000 movie Requiem for a Dream, he portrays a group of three young adults who become addicted to heroin and travel in a downwards spiral as they try to â€Å"make it big† by buying and selling heroin. While they try to make it out of their opiate-inducedRead More Crusaders of Truth in Cats Cradle and Pi Essay1012 Words   |  5 PagesCrusaders of Truth in Cats Cradle and Pi      Ã‚  Ã‚   In our world, people are constantly searching for the truth, or answers for things that seem unexplainable. On a quest to make the uncertainties of life easier, or more reasonable, some people have invented tools such as religion, and deemed them truthful. People such as Felix Hoenikker from Kurt Vonneguts Cats Cradle, and Max Cohen from Darren Aronofskys film Pi, resist such inventions and see a different definition of truth, which is scienceRead MoreRequiem for a Dream981 Words   |  4 PagesHow does editing, mis en scene, sound and cinematography in the opening sequence of Requiem for a dream represent the effects of drug abuse on the main characters? Requiem for a dream was made in 2000, and was directed by Darren Aronofsky. The film exposes the truth about drug addiction and the effects it has on peoples lives. It also shows people who are trying to fit into society which can have disastrous effects which causes them to turn to drugs to fit in. The film follows four individual

Why Do American Eat Fast Food - 945 Words

Why Do American’s Eat Fast Food? With over 200,000 different restaurants across America, fast food has become a national staple in many American lives. On average, eighty percent of Americans are eating at fast food restaurants at least one time per month. Though there are documented health risks in consuming fast food on a regular basis, the fast food industry reported a record 191.03 billion U.S. dollars in revenue in 2013 (Statista.com). The first fast food restaurant opened in the United States in 1916 in Wichita, Kansas. That restaurant was White Castle and it laid the foundation for the future success of fast food establishments. White Castle customers placed their orders and waited outside of their car for employees to deliver their food. AW soon followed the trend and created drive-in’s. By the 1940’s, carhops were delivering food to the cars by roller skates and drive-thru windows soon followed. Famous actors and jingle writers got their hands in the fa st food industry in the late 1950’s. The addition of television and radio ads pushed the fast food industry to expand with the growing sales markets (Accupos.com). In the 1950’s, the fast food industry took full advantage of the new marketing ideas and marketing for the restaurants immediately paid dividends. Restaurants with simple menu’s had begun to pop up all over the country. Customers could easily recognize their favorite restaurant’s signage as franchises and restaurant chains could be seen from New YorkShow MoreRelatedFast Foods And Fast Food Essay1147 Words   |  5 PagesFast food is one of the easiest ways to get food and eat it in a hurry. More people have been eating fast food rather than eating at home for years. The rate of fast food consumption has not slowed in over fifteen years (North). Americans in today’s society are busier than they have been. With people being busy they cannot find an easy way to make dinner, so they go to fast food restaurants to get food on the go. Many Americans also believe they are too busy to go shopping for groceries. Being busyRead MoreHow Fast Food Affect A French Health907 Words   |  4 Pages How Fast Food Affect a French Health Over time eating has become easier than ever. United States created fast food which the main purpose was to benefit people from eating on the go and today this eating efficiently has spread all over the world. Not only U.S. joined the new eating concept, but many other countries including France. Fast food has spread all over France, and it is the second country with the largest fast food consumer. It is very surprising to see an European country as the secondRead MoreFast-Food, Causes And Effects Of Fast Food1348 Words   |  6 PagesWhen you go out and buy a burger or a soft drink do you ever think about the consequences of what you’re putting into your body? One of the growing epidemics in America is the fact that people seem to be eating too much fast food that is causing obesity. Not only does fast food cause obesity but you are also at risk of other illnesses such as, heart disease, diabetes, and blood pressure. The leading cause is due to all the fast food that we hav e available at all times. Everywhere you look you seeRead MoreFor Many Families, Money Plays A Massive Role In Choosing1287 Words   |  6 PagesFor many families, money plays a massive role in choosing food options. On top of paying house mortgages, car payments, and utilities, many of these parents struggle to provide healthy food options for their children. In the United States, â€Å"approximately 42 percent of children and adolescents reported that they eat fast food regularly† (â€Å"Journal of the American Dietetic Association† ). This number is not surprising, there are over 630,511 restaurants. As a result, the childhood obesity has been increasingRead MoreShould The State Of Florida Should Ban Fast Food1014 Words   |  5 PagesFloridians love life in the fast lane and sadly it has cost some of them their lives. There has been lots of debates on whether the state of Florida should ban fast food eating places. The Florida government should ban fast food rest aurants. These diners need to be banned because they promote laziness, unhealthy eating habits and obesity. Laziness affects a lot of Americans, that’s part of the reason why so many people today are obese. If people are obese it’s because of the poor unhealthy eatingRead MoreAmerica Is The Richest Country988 Words   |  4 PagesWhy it is that America is the richest country in the world but have one of the worst diets and eating habits out of them all? Americans has turned away from their old traditional way of cooking and eating. In the past, Americans cooked almost all of their food at home and ate at a dinner table. Before, there was fast food or processed food American women stayed at home all day cooking dinner for their family; they also enjoyed cooking it was one of their favorite chore. Now, that there are more womenRead MoreThe Effects of Fast Food Essay691 Words   |  3 PagesIs fast food getting to be a problem? Many people love fast food but do not even now what it does to their body. There is getting to be more and more evidence that fast food is bad for people. Just about every day there is somebody that is going to the hospital because of all the fast food they eat. People may not like fast food because it is unhealthy, targets children, and exploits animals. Schlosser and Wilson explain, â€Å"If you took the 13 billion hamburgers that Americans eat every year and putRead MoreEssay on Fast Food Addiction667 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Fast Food is Our New Addiction Obesity is increasing rapidly because of the fast food. Showing and telling people how unhealthy to eat the fast food is extremely hard because it is now the popular culture for the societies those are dominated by the fast food industries. High profit and low cost is the primary reason why there are many Burger Kings and McDonald’s in the world (Kenway, â€Å"Junk food: The New Tobacco†). Yet some readers may challenge my view by insisting that the fast food industriesRead MoreOverweight Essay629 Words   |  3 Pagesof the weight problems Americans have are being overweight or obese. There are no signs that the percentages of Americans who are overweight or obese are decreasing. Not just teenagers but kids and adults worry about their weight. People have weight problems for different reasons. I think Americans need to put an effort to manage their weight. The percent of Americans being overweight or obese is increasing. There is a study that suggests that by 2030, 86 percent of Americans could be overweight orRead MoreFast Food Receives Mixed Emotions For Example, A Common1575 Words   |  7 PagesFast food receives mixed emotions for example, a common occurrence, a guilty pleasure, or taboo. In the book The Omnivore’s Dilemma the author Michael Pollan talks about fast food in the chapter â€Å"The Meal: Fast food†. Everyone has some sort of relationship with it one way or another. Pollan not only talks about fast food, but, dissects what is actually inside of fast food. However, before we can jump in on another diet trend or on anyone who is talking about what people should be eating, we need

Leadership in Organizations Issues and Key Trends

Question: Discuss about the Leadership in Organizations for Issues and Key Trends. Answer: Leadership and Change Management Development Plan At present day the world is changing its structure in terms of management every day. So with the advancement of technology every organization would like to implement the new techniques into their company for the growth of Business in the market. For this a special leadership qualities are required to plan the changing criteria and executing it according to the designed structure. Change management is the key factor for any organization for the success. In this competitive world, the essential skill of the manager is to show the effectiveness of identifying the capability of adjusting to the changes according to the situations and grab the advantages from the changing structure (Goetsch Davis, 2014). The change management plan includes planning of the process from all the aspects of how the changes are happening and from which structure to what state and the areas that are being focused for the change. The change of management is expected for the development in future desired area (By, Burnes Oswick, 2012). The activity of changing process should be planned accordingly and taken forward with good analytical skills as whole process here is interlinked. Since the changing process is linked with various other aspects such as Set time frames for the actions Prioritizing the planned steps Assigning of responsibilities to the officials Reviewing the process at every step to get away from the mistakes By following all these criterion change management development plan should be done effectively with proper planning structure by exhibiting the best leadership qualities of managing the entire team and should be step forward of the process every time is the best way of exhibiting the leadership (Cameron Green, 2015). For the change management practices to be effective the mangers have to play the key role. The employees are made knowledgeable regarding the changes that are occurring and making them work efficiently to take the advantage of the changes (By Burnes, 2013). For the change management to be effective three elements are required that are: Moving Unfreezing Refreezing Moving is the case where a forward step is taken and allowing the change to occur. This means make a comfort zone by the change Unfreezing is the case where by accepting and getting ready for the change from the previous state Refreezing is the case where changes necessarily take place as the demand for this is seen everyday Plan of Action The following plan should be implemented for the change management development which includes the process of three steps: In the first step, we need to note the requirement for the change to occur In the second step, we need to list down the differences and the favorable outcomes from the change structure to current state (Beck Cowan, 2014) In the third step, the strategic designs should be encouraged from the employees of the team and get the idea of change and its effectiveness within them At the next level, implement the changes that are blending with the culture of organization so that it can be accepted easily and lasts long Finally, acquire the necessary skills and features which need to be incorporated to make the change a big success The leader is expected to exhibit his qualities of leadership by making people complete work efficiently in the given time frame and achieving the goal. His vision should be completely focused on the success of the organization with quality of work. The basic concepts of leadership should be followed by the person (By Burnes, 2013). They should be self-confident before taking the authority to drive their ambition on the employees. Dedication to work and creativity in the activities should be shown. Best Plan Practices Developed The leading mobile company Apple was always successful in implementing the change management practices every time as it believed in this practice. It bought the changes in the organization whenever it felt it was required. The company has its own practice for innovative ideas and made changes according to it with the advancement in technology and did not follow any other business strategies (Belias Koustelios, 2014). Their product is being run in the market successfully because of the innovative change management plan in the organization. The driving forces that are changed by the management are increased to low down the effect of forces that confine the change management practice. The best practice that is followed by this company is the ADKAR model which represents the Awareness, desire, knowledge, Ability and the Reinforcement. As known if product is going to be released or it is in the market it needs proper awareness to be created by letting the customers know the usage and the advantages and how it is helpful to them. That is what is done by the Apple Company (Carter et al, 2013). It has created the craze for the product in people by its effective features by awareness. With this practice it has planned proper activities of change management and filled the gaps of loopholes where ever required by diagnosing them. The apple phone has experience a drastic changes from its starting model to the latest one by following this practice. They incorporated their innovative ideas through the leadership knowledge and made people to have a desire of Apple phone with its attracting features (Finkelman, 2015). Provide SMART recommendations for the development/implementation plan Depending on the project type whether it is large or small, variations are expected on various aspects. In case, for a projects which are large and have broad range of users the implementation step of the process is quite complex an often challenging and the time required would be more than compared to the other stages of development (Avolio Yammarino, 2013). A proper preference has to be given for the implementation stage of project development so that it can benefit the plan very often. The following recommendations are suggested to consider mainly for the projects which are large which are in a requirement of wide spreading their business and implementing the change management systems for their business. The strategy of implementing the change management developing plan should be handed over to the people who are appropriate in working with the system that is new. The idea of selecting those people is that they would have a strong interest it carrying the things in the right fashion. Have a proper understanding of the practices that are locally working and get the support from the superior managing team. Before that get the idea by collecting the information from the survey of what kind of changing management plans are being expected from the market view (Johnston Marshall, 2016). This gives the basic structure that the changes that are being implemented would not affect the current state and will make a perfect fix. The implementation team should be given the strong support from the head of the organization so that they can work effectively. The chairperson also should involve himself in presenting the changing plan by explaining it to all the employees of the organization and its beneficial part. Training should be given to all the team members involved from different areas as the change management plan is connected with the entire process in all levels. Extended levels of training should be given to all users involving a various number of sessions to all the managing team, project heads and implementation team and their team members. The training is never ending. Short sessions of the required step can be split into many parts. The beast training session would be in the form of basic level of training followed by a two sessions of follow ups in the intervals of monthly difference (Johnston Marshall, 2016). For implementing the changes, get the ideas from the people such as users who are very expertise in using the products and can suggest the ideas and motivate for the changes. Effective measures should be taken to know the track of the implementation process and its progress with the timely manner Design the presentation structure of your Plan. Figure 1: Change Process Source: (Johnston Marshall, 2016) The above figure briefs out the structure of the plan that is going to be implemented for the change management development plan. Here is the description for the structure of the plan which goes as follows: Propose the reasons behind the change: Factors responsible for the change management development should be listed and the decision led to this which might be gaps in the performance, development of advanced technology or any other organizations motto (Johnston Marshall, 2016). The present state in the organization and the changing plan that is going to be implemented should be described. Scope and type of changes should be defined: Give the brief structure of change management plan nature. Know whether this change has any adverse effects on other roles in job, or any changes in other process, any change in policy and the organizations structure (Belias Koustelios, 2014). List out the systems or areas that might undergo changes. Stakeholders support description: Any organization members such a project heads, managers, team leaders or any employees are being victim of the change and whether stakeholders is okay with the change (Carter et al, 2013). Change management team should be created: The teams main function is to communicate with other members of the organization such as stakeholders and making note of their concerns and making sure that changes are smoothly processed without any effect on others. People with good communication skills and with high credibility are to be chosen. Organization management approach should be developed: Get support from the higher officials of the organization for a successful change to occur which is very critical. Get feedback from the senior officials of the organization and make a good support with them to implement the changes (Avolio Yammarino, 2013). Make a plan for every stakeholder: All stakeholders even who are involved in plan should be warned with the risks and their concerns should be considered. The change management team should be responsible for addressing them. Prepare a communication plan: Any process requires communication so here also its the important factor. Make a frequent communication with the person being affected. Support the changes and reason behind it and what kind of benefits if brings. Keep a track of records: Make the track of change management developing plan progressing steps at every moment of the process. References Avolio, B. J., Yammarino, F. J. (Eds.). (2013).Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road ahead. Emerald Group Publishing. Beck, D. E., Cowan, C. (2014).Spiral dynamics: Mastering values, leadership and change. John Wiley Sons. Belias, D., Koustelios, A. (2014). The impact of leadership and change management strategy on organizational culture.European Scientific Journal,10(7). By, R. T., Burnes, B. (Eds.). (2013).Organizational change, leadership and ethics: Leading organizations towards sustainability. Routledge. By, R. T., Burnes, B., Oswick, C. (2012). Change management: Leadership, values and ethics.Journal of Change Management,12(1), 1-5. Cameron, E., Green, M. (2015).Making sense of change management: a complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Carter, M. Z., Armenakis, A. A., Feild, H. S., Mossholder, K. W. (2013). Transformational leadership, relationship quality, and employee performance during continuous incremental organizational change.Journal of Organizational Behavior,34(7), 942-958. Finkelman, A. (2015).Leadership and management for nurses: Core competencies for quality care. Pearson. Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014).Quality management for organizational excellence. pearson. Hayes, J. (2014).The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave Macmillan. Hechanova, R. M., Cementina-Olpoc, R. (2013). Transformational leadership, change management, and commitment to change: A comparison of academic and business organizations.The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher,22(1), 11-19. Jacob, N. (2014). Leadership and Change Management in a Crisis Situation: A Case About Administration of an Indian District Collectorate.South Asian Journal of Management,21(2), 151. Johnston, M. W., Marshall, G. W. (2016).Sales force management: Leadership, innovation, technology. Routledge. Storey, J. (Ed.). (2016).Leadership in Organizations: Current Issues and Key Trends. Routledge.

Nimrah - a six year old who taught me to live free essay sample

A situation that has had an impact on me: A supposed heart-wrenching break up at the age of twelve, some shallow friends and a home with one absentee parent; this was all it took for me to be subjected to one of the most traumatic experiences of my life: an Acute Porphyria attack. At the age of fourteen, one has just entered the harsh world of teenage. One is completely vulnerable and ready to make one’s own mistakes; very few people rise from these mistakes without any help at all. Sadly, and yet fortunately, I was not one of these people. The fact that I was changing for the worse did not bother me. The fact that my body was beginning to look like what my friends thought was â€Å"cool†, at the expense of my health, did not bother me. The fact that the unbearable pain I endured during an attack made my parents suffer so, did not bother me either. We will write a custom essay sample on Nimrah a six year old who taught me to live or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I had managed to alienate myself from anyone who could possibly put up a mirror in front of me to make me realize what a terrible person I had become, until someone finally did, without even realizing it. I was once again in the hospital following an attack and, this time, was sharing the room with a six year old girl, Nimrah. It was amidst the grogginess of the pain killers, the intensity of the pain and the warm touch of my mother’s hand on my forehead that I first heard her silvery voice. She was discussing the children’s story, the Little Red Riding Hood, with her mother, and somehow I could simply ignore all my pain and just listen to her mother read out aloud to her. I could not help a chuckle as she corrected her mother’s reading, and smiled when I saw her large eyes fill with fright as her mother read the part where the little girl meets the wolf. My mind supplies me with only vague memories of the time I spent with Nimrah. I remember the two of us squealing with delight one day when we had hamburgers for lunch, both complaining about the bland hospital food. I remember her delightful â€Å"thank-you† when I had given her a book as a present. I do not remember that she ever mentioned her pain, but what I do remember is a prayer that she would recite whenever she felt it. The only sharp and lucid memory I have of that time is when her father told me that she had a brain tumor. My first reaction had been of shock and distress; and the second, of shame. I did not value the life I had and had chosen to completely neglect my health, which had resulted in Porphyria. My six year old friend, on the other hand, who loved Little Red Riding Hood, hated hospitals and cherished life, would die in approximately two months. I felt ashamed of myself and overwhelmingly saddened by the thought that soon I would lose her. I had grown deeply attached to her and it pained me greatly that someone as bright and kind as her had to leave this world at such a young age. She died two months after I was discharged. I have never spoken to anyone about her, yet sometimes when I am surrounded by people, their voices blurring into an incomprehensible sound, I close my eyes and think of Nimrah. I think of how she changed my life and just how selfless a person she was. The Porphyria attacks have now diminished in their frequency and intensity, and I now appreciate every little blessing that life has to offer. Nimrah left the world while suffering pain and anguish, and in doing so somehow took my pain away with her, leaving me with happiness and a positive outlook towards life. Thank you, Nimrah.

Social world Essay Example

Social world Paper The conformity studies show group influence by peers, but Milgram (1974, cited by Brown 1996) distinguished this situation from the influence of persons of authority in hierarchical situations. Milgram investigated the strength of pressure to obey with a now-famous methodology. Milgrams subjects were led to believe that they were giving electric shocks to learners (actor confederates), and they were prompted to do so a clearly marked dangerous levels despite the pre-recorded cries of the learners. The subjects exhibited signs of nervous tension, but in the situation where they were alone twenty-six of forty subjects administered the highest shock level. In a variation of this Milgram demonstrated the positive influence of peer pressure in a group situation. The subject was joined by two confederates who were instructed to resist the experimenters authority. In this case the subject joined the peer rebellion and defied the experimenter in thirty-six out of forty trials.  This can be interpreted in different ways. If the subject is seen as a pliant stooge, then this is a demonstration of group influences in a more complex, real way. There are competing influences in most situations which must be incorporated by the individual. It could be that in group situations the individual is affected to a greater extent by a peer than somebody in authority. Equally, it could be a simple aggregated effect with two confederates outnumbering the single experimenter. More positively, if we assume that the subject really does not want to shock the learner, then it may show the enabling effect of the support of others. We will write a custom essay sample on Social world specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social world specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social world specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Taken together these experiments begin to suggest that the process of influence in groups is not clear-cut or homogenous. As Brown (1996, p19) puts it [T]here is no universal way in which individuals respond to group pressureparticipants will be affected by the meaning a situation has for them which itself may be influenced by cultural variables. This is a theme that was taken up in experiments into minority influence. Mucovici et al. (1969, cited in Brown 1996) showed the effects of different kinds of peer behaviour on the strength of influence. Groups of six including two confederates were required to name the colour of a slide. The confederates called blue slides as green either consistently or consistently. Results showed that the minority influence was only significant where a consistent behavioural style was evident.  Mugny (1975, cited in Brown 1996) held group discussions on topics of contemporary concern and found that the influence of a minority required that an appropriate argument style be employed. Where differences in opinion were large a flexible negotiation style was more effective, but with smaller differences a more rigid style was more influential. Such experiments show a tendency towards reductionism, groups are reduced to peers, authorities, majorities and minorities. Group pressures become types of influence and influence becomes behavioural style. The more specific that group experiments become the less that they seem to be talking about groups and the more they refer to individuals and circumstances. However, some experiments may have more universal implications. Wetherell (1996, p203) refers to two series of experiments that may indicate that [G]roup membership in itself has profound effects upon the psychology of the individual regardless of personality and individual differences. The Summer Camp Experiments of Sherif and Sherif (1969, cited in Wetherell 1996). used a process of in-group formation and inter-group competition which led to positive identification with the in-group and to overt out-group hostility. They found that specific psychological tendencies were not necessary for this to occur, and concluded that [T]he objective relationship between two groups causes the various subjective or psychological states characteristic of intergroup relations. Tajfel and Turners (1979, cited in Wetherell 1996) Social Identity Theory (S.I.T) based on the findings of the Minimal Group Experiments goes further in identifying the particular processes that occur in individuals when they are in groups. The minimal group idea removed circumstantial factors by taking the extreme case of a group defined by the mere recognition of it. Using schoolchildren, groups were created ostensibly from arbitrary categorisation according to stated preference for the work of either Klee or Kandinsky. Tasks showed that individuals consistently gave preferential treatment to their own group even where there was no-contact between members and there was no overt self-interest involved. They concluded that competition for goals is not required for group conflict, but that conflict occurs due to the self-esteem of the individual being tied to the status of the group. This happens through a process of social categorization, social identification where individuals self-categorizes themselves as group members and attach value to that membership, and social comparison with out-groups. Some of the problems of S.I.T. reflect the wider limitations of experimental work on groups. The sense of belongingness required for defining a group seems to be activated too easily by the individual in isolation. This presents two problems. First, such sensitive activation makes it difficult to determine which single or combination of groups an individual is being influenced by at any one time. Second, if I read the Financial Times and feel a sense of belonging and esteem by doing so, it is not clear whether this says anything at all about the group called Financial Times Readers. Whilst group conflict experiments show that no particular personality traits or circumstances are needed for individuals to be affected by group membership, the analysis still fails to enter the domain of the group because the processes identified are not essentially at the system level. Sapsfords (1996, p70) Domains of Analysis tool might usefully be employed to examine the experimental approach to groups. Group experiments based on participants having effects on each other are within the interpersonal/personal domain which [T]reats the person as a whole living interaction and relationship with other people, but analytically separate from the.[which] presupposes the idea of the individual or person as something distinct from the social world. The experimental methodology therefore prevents work on groups from being located, as might be expected, in the domain of the group. This domain [I]s concerned with what people create between them though not primarily with what participating individuals do and think; the focus is either on the system of which the individuals are a part or the meanings they create between them. Social constructionist and psychodynamic perspectives on groups fit more neatly into this domain, since the group itself is seen as the fundamental unit of analysis. The group psychodynamic paradigm offers a more inclusive vision of group processes. Aschbach and Schermer (1994, adapted in Morgan and Thomas, 1996, p77) describe the paradigm across three systems. First, the internal/intrapsychic systems of each individual in the group including unconscious motivations; Second, systems of communications, both conscious and unconscious between two or more individuals; Finally, The group as group. Some psychodynamic work on groups differs in assumptions from the experimental approach whilst still retaining a focus on what happens to individuals in groups. Instead of measurable behaviour there is an emphasis on subjective experience, a dynamic unconscious and the influence of primitive motivations within the group context. However, it is in the notion of the group mind that the approaches can be most clearly distinguished. Turner (1984, cited in Morgan and Thomas 1996, p68) forthrightly rejects the concept: It is a basic assumption of modern psychology that psychological processes reside only in individuals in the most literal sense, at least, there is no such thing as a group mind'. Thus it would seem that there are no surprises in what experimental evidence can tell us about what goes on in groups. Scientific positivism is scientific positivism. Whilst it is shown that individuals are complex and do not react in just one way, patterns of influence are described in cause-and-effect terms without recourse to emergent properties. The value that we place on this evidence depends on how we define a group. If it is simply a collection of people with affiliation then we must accept that group experiments are some of the most interesting and telling in psychology. But, if we incorporate the possibility of a groupishness (Bions word) beyond that collection, then experiments can contribute little to our knowledge of the group so defined.

How to Write a Refutation Essay Sample

How to Write a Refutation Essay SampleThe first sentence in a refutation essay is referred to as the refutation paragraph. This is a sub-section that begins the overall paragraph. Its purpose is to stop the flow of argument and rebuttal before the main section. It is used to continue the argument from the refutation paragraph or refutation essay sample.Before the refutation paragraph begins, the writer must write a single word, but it must be within a set of four words or less. This single word is the first word to be written and it must come from the source of a supposed flaw. This flaw must be done by someone. It can be attributed to one of two reasons. The first reason is known as direct and the second is indirect. This is known as the primary reason for a flaw and is the only reason the flaw was allowed to appear.It is important to include proper sentences when writing a refutation essay sample. The first sentence should be a full sentence or one that has two or three complete se ntences. This means the first sentence must contain the correct information about the whole paragraph.The primary reason that allows flaws to appear must be stated in a sentence or short paragraph. This information must be related to the subject of the paragraph. When writing a refutation essay sample, the writer must be able to deduce the primary reason for the flaw before he/she can begin the actual argument. A writer must make sure the words he/she writes will support the content within the paragraph.After a small paragraph of argument that supports the primary reason for the flaw must be finished, the next paragraph should begin. It will contain facts about the flaw. These should include the word that used to describe the flaw, the name of the person who caused the flaw, the effect the law has had on other people, the cause of the flaw, the corrective action that was taken by the person responsible for causing the flaw, and more. The writer must be able to state each fact, logic ally, supporting the above statement with supporting information.Once all of the facts are stated, the paragraph will conclude with the statement. This statement should contain the full sentence. It must then be followed by supporting information. This statement will tell the reader what the statement author believes to be true about the flaw. It will include how the statement author believes the statement author's argument is true.The paragraphs will then conclude by stating what the author believes to be the final fact about the flaw. There should be no original source information mentioned in this paragraph. The final paragraph of the refutation essay sample will contain a conclusion that states the writer believes the writer's statement is true.A refutation essay sample can easily be written by anyone who has knowledge about writing. It can be given as a class assignment, or even written by an individual. The writer must be able to write a successful refutation essay sample beca use it is used in law school or law review articles. The idea behind a refutation essay sample is to make it possible for law students in a law review class to formulate arguments to support their statements.