Philosophical Hobbes Intentions

Political discussions and musings have been unavoidable both before and in the present. Out of these discussions, many philosophical scholars have risen. Among these savants are Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Locke, Karl Marx, Machiavelli, and Thomas Hobbes.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Philosophical Hobbes’ Intentions explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More These scholars have investigated the nature and character of political exercises. As delineated in these philosophers’ considers, political contemplations target handling issues identified with political life. In that capacity, political considerations center around a few social issues, for example, social measures, moral codes, and standards. This paper centers around Hobbes’ aims. At first, the paper will cause to notice Hobbes’ expectations as a methods for putting good and political way of thinking onto logical premise. Also, the paper will concentrate on Hobbesà ¢â‚¬â„¢ expectations as a methods for building up community harmony and discarding mankind toward satisfying their urban obligation. Thomas Hobbes was conceived in the year 1588 in Malnesbury (Morgan 576). Until this point in time, the English rationalist has gotten celebrated for his commitment to the implicit understanding hypothesis. Then again, the logician got notorious for declaring that people should give up to the authority of all out sovereign force. His commitments have affected the headway of political way of thinking and the development of extra coherent philosophical positions. His commitments towards moral way of thinking have not been powerful contrasted with his commitments towards political way of thinking. Remarkably, his speculations of good way of thinking have been vague to most people. This equivocalness results from the errors that develop while breaking down the utilization of his laws of nature. Hobbes’ goals as a methods for putting good and politica l way of thinking onto logical premise Before the seventeenth century, moral way of thinking and political way of thinking were believed to be autonomous of regular sciences. It was accepted that the two fields of theory were not identified with any normal science but instead on human encounters. In any case, subsequent to perusing Hobbes’s works it became evident that the scholar proposed to put good and political way of thinking onto logical premise. Through our ordinary exercises, we find the standards of the two fields of brain science. Similarly, I noticed that proofs in political way of thinking are identified with the evidences displayed in the regular sciences. In such manner, plainly Hobbes’s aims were towards putting good and political way of thinking onto logical basis.Advertising Looking for paper on theory? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In his works, the thinker accepts that ethical way of think ing is a piece of movement of science. Through this contention, the savant expresses that ethical way of thinking contemplates movements of the psyche just similarly material science centers around action of physical elements. I accept that through this contention, the thinker was attempting to validate the legitimacy of his ethical standards from a logical premise. The facts demonstrate that our brains exist in various states, for example, desire, voracity, and egotism. By relating these progressions to the study of movement, the logician figured out how to connect moral way of thinking with studies of movement. In his examination of good way of thinking, the thinker underlines that political way of thinking is about the investigation of people and movement of their parts. As indicated by Leviathan, the thinker guarantees that the movements of outside physical articles affect our sense organs (Morgan 580). Through this hypothesis, he asserts that our psychological encounters coming about because of these impacts. Hobbes described these impacts as cravings and abhorrences. In that capacity, a hunger is depicted as an endeavor that makes an individual quest for a particular element. Despite what might be expected, a revultion is an endeavor that makes an individual avoid a specific substance. Likewise, I accept that Hobbes expected to put good and political way of thinking onto the logical premise to accomplish information and to outline his discoveries to other people. Prior to him, theory never reached inferences dependent on logical realities but instead on regular encounters. Being a pioneer, Hobbes abused is logical information about thinking of philosophical ends. Additionally, in the wake of breaking down his work I accept that Hobbes accomplishments in political way of thinking turned into a triumph on account of him putting this field of reasoning onto logical strategies. In concurrence with these techniques, he alluded to as resolutive-compositive, I accept that the scholar had the option to attest all questionable origination of legislative issues as political realities. Through logical information, the scholar had the option to lessen these debates into components. From that point, the rationalist remade these questions. For example, he had the option to break the district into its essential parts similarly the movement of the psyche was done (Morgan 582). From that point, he had the option to recreate ward by permitting it to be in its unique state before its arrangement. By considering the conduct of people in this express, the scholar had the option to recognize the reasons for the republic. Essentially, through this methodology, he had the option to assert that ethical way of thinking was a piece of material science. Thus, I accept that through this methodology, the rationalist had the option to think of essential moral rules that empowered us to reason philosophical conclusions.Advertising We will compose a custom exposit ion test on Philosophical Hobbes’ Intentions explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Contribution to the foundation of municipal harmony and discarding mankind toward satisfying their community obligation After examining Hobbes’ considers, I accept that his expectations were likewise equipped towards the foundation of urban harmony and discarding humanity toward satisfying their metro obligation. All things considered, he contends in the implicit understanding hypothesis that prior logicians except for Machiavelli had fizzled in light of the fact that they established their political ways of thinking on humankind’s desire. By restricting prior philosophers’ contemplations, he had the option to think of a code that reinforced and decided the motivation behind the general public. Hobbes contends that in the condition of nature, organizations, for example, the legislature and the military are not in presence. In this express, all people have e quivalent needs. In spite of the way that a few people are more impressive than others are, less influential people can posse up to stifle the more grounded person. Moreover, the condition of nature permits people to have contending interests. In this way, in the offer to keep clashes from heightening, Hobbes asked monetary and political associations to utilize each mean to guarantee that the general public is held together. For this to be accomplished, the logician expressed that the residents must be prepared to give up equivalent rights as they anticipate that others should give up. Similarly, through this methodology, the thinker contended that residents must have the option to frame an implicit agreement. As per the rationalist, the implicit agreement was not to be marked between the residents and the elites however among the residents. In the agreement, residents were to sign an agreement tolerating to be controlled by a brought together government. Through this methodology, t he minority should acknowledge the dominant part choice. In light of the above investigation, it is obvious that Hobbes accepted that without the state people would be at war with one another because of the distinctions of premiums. In this way, through his examinations he planned for representing to the majority the significance of urban harmony. Outstandingly, during his time the hypothesis of implicit understanding was immature. In such manner, I accept that the general public at that point displayed a portion of the characteristics he depicted in the condition of nature. Along these lines, because of the need to maintain municipal harmony he figured the implicit agreement hypothesis. As a rule, Hobbes’ contentions about the condition of nature attest his expectations. In the satisfy on nature’s laws, the savant contends that everybody should look for harmony with others except if these people are not ready to make harmony. I accept that through these contentions Ho bbes was subsequent to imparting harmony in his crowd. In the initial segment of the law of nature, he contends that if people maintain the condition of harmony they will meet their longing for self-protection. In any case, it ought to be noticed that harmony must be accomplished through the understanding of at least two gatherings. On the off chance that different gatherings would not look for harmony, the logician in the second piece of the law of the condition of nature contends that people are allowed to turn to violence.Advertising Searching for paper on reasoning? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More In the event that individuals look for harmony through the methods contended above, it is evident that they will at last be arranged towards satisfying their metro rights. To get away from the circumstances represented in the condition of nature, people will be required to surrender a portion of their freedoms. These freedoms may incorporate freedom to take, freedom to ambush, and some more. From that point, social establishments will be required to authorize the implicit agreement. By authorizing the implicit understanding, these foundations will guarantee that any person who will conflict with the agreement is rebuffed as per the current laws. Since Hobbes imagined these circumstances in his works, clearly he planned that through his works people could be arranged toward satisfying their community rights. I accept that the administrations and other social establishments hav

Antigone And Creon Essays (1088 words) - Greek Mythology

Antigone And Creon Issue of male power and difficulties to that expert in the play Antigone. In the play Antigone by Sophocles, Creon and Antigone have particular clashing qualities. Antigone initially shows women's activist rationale when she picks to challenge a ground-breaking male foundation. This foundation is exemplified by her uncle Creon, who is recently delegated as the King of Thebes. Creon stances to be a significant power figure in a male centric culture. Creon's respect for the laws of the city makes him desert every single other conviction. He feels that all ought to comply the laws set out by him, regardless of whether different convictions, good or strict, state something else. Antigone, then again, holds the convictions of the divine beings in high veneration. She feels that the laws of the divine beings ought to be complied with most importantly others, particularly when in regard to family. The strong, custom slowing down character of Antigone obviously conflicted with the overwhelming male centric predominance of Creon. This impact between characters offers ascend to the contention between the genders in Sophocles' Antigone. The forswearing of entombment to Polynices strikes legitimately at her family steadfastness. This colossal feeling of dependability prompts her synchronous infringement and recognition to the obligation of ladies of the time. It is unequivocally this steadfastness that makes her a functioning as opposed to a static figure. Antigone herself speaks to the most noteworthy beliefs of human life - mental fortitude furthermore, regard for the divine beings. She accepted that the law of the divine beings, which directs that a body be given legitimate internment rights, was a higher priority than the law of the King. All through the play, Antigone incredibly holds the customary job of ladies, while simultaneously strongly challenges this portrayal. The test happens as both a rebellion of Creon's laws in Antigone's covering Polynices and as a direct boisterous attack on Creon himself. Creon loses control that a lady questions his sway and sentences her to death despite the fact that she was the little girl of his sister, Jocasta. Creon accepts that on the off chance that he doesn't follow through on his promise the individuals of Thebes won't regard his power as lord. In this way Creon's devoted qualities conflict with Antigone's moral qualities to make clashing jobs. Creon, being another lord, needs to demonstrate his capacities as a firm and solid head. Creon needs to be regarded and dreaded as a lord since this will demonstrate him to be a definitive authorative figure in Thebes. He represents submission to the State. Without a doubt it is his voice the townspeople ought to comply. Creon manhandles his capacity to constrain others to acknowledge his perspective. This extraordinary strength clashes head-on with Antigone's strong unwomanly test to Creon's power. Creon made numerous feelings offending womenkind. His feelings appeared to be genuine a huge populace of men. He utilizes her to set a model for the whole city of Thebes, for Antigone is the principal individual to ever purposely defy Creon's structure not the cover her late sibling, who has been pronounced a backstabber of the city. Envision it: I got her bare defiance, /the double crosser, the just one in the entire city./I'm not going to substantiate myself a liar,/not to my kin, no, I'm going to murder her!( 94,ll.731-734). Creon will not bargain or humble himself before others particularly ladies. He states Better to tumble from power, if fall we should,/on account of a man-never to evaluated/sub-par compared to a lady, never (94, ll. 759-761 ). Antigone doesn't give Creon extra regard either on the grounds that he is a man in a male centric culture or in light of the fact that he is best. In such manner, she contends a uniformity of the genders, just as balance under God. In the preamble, Antigone tells Ismene that she will make a move relating to their sibling, regardless of whether Ismene concurs . Antigone, convinces her to help cover their sibling, He is my sibling and-deny it as you will-/your sibling too(61, ll.55-56). The two sisters contend, however at long last their disparities in sentiments stick out. Ismene being too powerless is reluctant to resist the lord. Then again, Antigone is sufficiently daring to proceed with her choice. Indeed, even without her sister's assistance, she is happy to hazard her life to give her sibling what he merits and what the divine beings state ought to be done, regardless of Creon's proclamation. In this way dissimilar to her sister, Ismene will not challenge the male power, regardless of whether it intends to not satisfy her obligations as a sister. Ismene states: Recall that we are ladies,/we're not conceived to fight with men.

Analysis of Macroeconomic Condition of Argentina

Foundation Argentina is situated in South America. In light of the zone involved by the nation, it is the eighth biggest state on the planet. The nation has an assortment of landscape, for example, tall mountains, deserts and striking cascades. It is isolated into six principle areas, which are Tierra Del Fuego, Patagonia and the Lake District, the Pampas, the Chaco, Mesopotamia and the Northeast, and Cuyo and the Andean Northwest. It guests Chile, Bolivia, Paraguay, Brazil, and Uruguay and other lands.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Analysis of Macroeconomic Condition of Argentina explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More As at 2010, the nation had a populace totaling to 40,091,359. The mainstays of the monetary development of the nation are send out arranged farming division, knowledgeable populace and rich common assets. The assembling segment of the nation is likewise all around created. The fundamental parts are engine vehicles and food prepa ring (Embassy of Argentina in Australia 1). Monetary history of Argentina There are a great deal of writing on the financial history of Argentina on the grounds that as opposed to having encountered powerful monetary development in the twentieth century, the nation had a low monetary development. The condition is ordinarily known as ‘Argentine paradox’. The nation has a near bit of leeway in horticulture since it has rich prolific land. During the period enduring from 1860 to 1930, the prolific land had been profoundly abused by the Spanish champions. There was no reasonable financial framework in Argentina during that period. Truth be told, the Spanish winners utilized the land for their own advantage. In spite of procuring the land against the desire of the locals, the outsiders guaranteed that the returns from horticulture were utilized for the improvement of the nation. During a similar period, the nation was encountering strong monetary development and it performed superior to different nations, for example, Australia. The economy of the nation began to decrease in 1930. This was ascribed to the incredible melancholy and political precariousness. Between that year and 1970, the supreme pioneers strived to achieve independence in modern creation. They actualized certain methodologies, for example, import replacement. The point of this methodology was to limit the measure of cash the nation spends on importation of modern item. The procedure prompted the formation of some business openings. Then again, it brought about a decrease of rural creation. Since horticultural creation shapes the primary segment of GDP of the nation, the technique made various negative impacts, for example, hyper-swelling, privatization, high joblessness rate, downgrading of Peso, and a lot of outside obligation. The economy recouped in 2005 (The Central Intelligence Agency 1; International Monetary Fund 1; The World Bank Group 1). Point of the paper The information pra ctice involves gathering and investigating information for Argentina. The information examination is completed for a time of twenty three years that is somewhere in the range of 1980 and 2012. A portion of the information gathered and broke down are genuine GDP, expansion rate, and joblessness rate. Arrangement investigation is done on different issues noted during information analysis.Advertising Looking for paper on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Overview of macroeconomic factors Gross residential item The total national output is a helpful marker of the status of the economy of a nation. Estimating GDP is a test for financial experts in all the nations since it is regularly hard to evaluate all the monetary exercises in the locale. While investigating the GDP of a nation, it is imperative to recognize ostensible and genuine GDP. Genuine GDP wipes out the impact of expansion. This segment will br eak down the genuine GDP of the nation for the time of twenty three years. 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Real GDP 256.302 279.141 304.763 330.565 359.17 383.444 386.704 422.13 459.571 471.449 Source of information †International Monetary Fund 1; The World Bank Group 1 The GDP of Argentina is inconsistent. As per the table introduced over, the GDP added up to $205.646 billion of every 1980. Its worth at that point declined to $193.834 billion. Somewhere in the range of 1980 and 1991, the estimation of GDP was very inconsistent. This was credited to political unsteadiness in the nation that was brought about by the attack by outsiders and absence of political structures. Somewhere in the range of 1991 and 2012, the nation experienced consistent development in the estimation of genuine GDP. The GDP expanded from $201.819 billion of every 1991 to $471.449 billion of every 2012. The expansion in GDP was because of usage of strategies, for example, import replacem ent and setting up structures in the administration. The chart underneath shows the pattern of the GDP for as far back as twenty three years (International Monetary Fund 1; The World Bank Group 1). Purchaser value file (CPI) Inflation rate is a proportion of the general ascent in the value level in the economy. It is a huge measure since expansion affects the buying intensity of people and all other macroeconomic factors. The CPI quantifies the value level of every single new great created in the nation of origin. An expansion in the estimation of the CPI from one year to different shows that there is an expanded swelling. 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 CPI 146.554 160.221 174.357 197.787 225.916 269.038 296.179 341.547 400.363 465.674 Source of information †International Monetary Fund 1; The World Bank Group 1Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Analysis of Macroeconomic Condition of Argentina explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Le arn More The estimation of the CPI has been expanding throughout the years. The shopper value record in 1985 was 0.003. The worth expanded to $109.982 in 2000 and further to $465.674 in 2012. This shows an ascent in the pace of swelling in the nation. This has genuine monetary ramifications on the key players in the economy that are the family units and the organizations in the nation. The soundness in the pace of swelling somewhere in the range of 1989 and 2000 was because of a difference in government from the Spanish victors to the locals. The diligent increment in the measure of the CPI record somewhere in the range of 2001 and 2012 was because of execution of techniques, for example, import replacement and privatization. These systems mutilated the cash of the nation along these lines prompting swelling. The chart above shows that the pace of expansion since 2001 has been expanding at an expanding rate. It is a monetary issue that ought to be tended to. Joblessness Unemployment rate gauges the quantity of individuals in a nation who are not occupied with a financially beneficial movement despite the fact that they are willing and ready to work. 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Unemployment rate 17.25 13.625 11.575 10.175 8.475 7.875 8.675 7.75 7.15 7.169 Source of information †International Monetary Fund 1; The World Bank Group 1 The joblessness pace of the nation expanded from 3% in 1980 to 22.45% in 2002 because of political flimsiness that was brought about by the Spanish vanquishers. The most extreme joblessness rate for the nation was achieved in 2002. After the year 2002, the legislature established various measures to control the joblessness in the district. From 2003, the nation has encountered radical decrease in the joblessness rate.Advertising Searching for article on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More The worth declined from 17.25% in 2003 to 7.169% in 2012. Through import replacement, the legislature founded various ventures. This prompted an extensive decrease in joblessness rate that was knowledgeable about that period. The diagram beneath shows the inconsistent pattern of the work rate for as far back as twenty three years. Macroeconomic examination of the economy The conversation above uncovers that the administration has had the option to deal with the GDP and the joblessness rate. There has been a critical increment in the genuine GDP development for as far back as ten years. So also, the legislature additionally controlled the joblessness rates as there has been a critical decrease in the ongoing past. Regardless of the world downturn experienced in 2009, the nation despite everything detailed improved execution in expanding the measure of the GDP and lessening the work rates. Actually, unmistakably the nation has an issue in dealing with the expansion rates. As showed by the customer cost list, the swelling pace of Argentina has expanded at a high rate in the ongoing past. As referenced over, the high swelling rates debilitate the economy since it contorts the loan costs, swapping scale, cash request, cash flexibly, and outside exchange. Additionally, it influences the consumer’s utilization design. High expansion rates likewise cause speculators and family units to lose trust in the institutions’ set up by the legislature to control swelling. Strategy proposals There are arrangements that can be set up to moderate the expanding swelling rates. Various both the contractionary financial and the money related approaches can be utilized to control swelling. A portion of the financial approaches involve diminishing extra cash by expanding direct charges, lessening government burdens just as the measure of government acquiring. The financial approaches actualized will diminish the total interest in the economy. In the AD †AS model, the total interest bend will move inwards because of the strategies executed. This causes the value level to decay, consequently bringing about a decrease in the pace of expansion. The total flexibly bend won't be influenced. The effect on the AD †AS model is shown underneath. Contractionary monetary strategies move the AD bend from AD1 to AD2. This outcomes in a decli

Macro Economics Analysis Essay Example

Full scale Economics Analysis Essay Example Full scale Economics Analysis Essay Full scale Economics Analysis Essay Article Topic: Financial aspects Financial aspects 100 Assignment alternative 2 Lecture: Ms Maria Lantzke Thursday 8. 30 am to 12. 30 pm Table of substance 1. Article synopsis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 2. Presentation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3. Investigation .. 3 1. UK Inflation Rate †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 Definition of expansion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Causes of swelling †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 2. Shopper value file †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Meaning of Consumer value file †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 Increasing CPI in UK.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. .5 3. Business cycle †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Definition of Business cycle †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦.. 6 Business cycle in UK†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 3. 4 Interest rate and money related strategy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Expansionary money related policy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Contractio nary fiscal policy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.. †¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 4. 0 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 5. 0 Reference list †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 1. 0 Article rundown This article called â€Å"UK expansion rate increases to 4% in January† was posted on February 15, 2011 by BBC. It shows expanded swelling rate in Unites Kingdom. To be sure, The UK Consumer Prices Index (CPI) yearly expansion rate rose to 4% in January. This CPI figure got most noteworthy since November 2008. Fiscal arrangement panel (MPC) is thinking about a potential increment in the loan fee to attempt to cool expansion. Anyway there are differentiating feelings about when the Central Bank s hould build it. Also, the article alludes to the reasons for expansion. Mr. Ruler, the Bank of England senator, perceives potential reasons for swelling in the VAT rise, the fall in the pound and ongoing ascents in item costs. Notwithstanding, Chancellor G. Osborne differs about the VAT ascend as a reason for swelling. Moreover, in this article there are more others reasons for expansion: the significant expense of petroleum and unrefined petroleum, worldwide changes in the cost of nourishments and products. 2. Presentation This report gives an investigation of swelling in UK with applying some financial matters speculations. The expansion rate got 4% in January which is most noteworthy since November 2008. In this article there are four fundamental ideas of macroeconomics, for example, swelling and CPI, loan fee and financial arrangement. The motivation behind the report is to depict the financial issues in England, through the examination of these financial aspects hypotheses. 3. 0 Analysis 3. 1 Inflation rate Inflation is the continued increment in the general degree of costs in the monetary (Hubbard et al. 2010). It’s estimated by the value level, which quantifies the normal costs of merchandise and ventures in the economy. The figure of rate increment in the value level from one year to next is called expansion rate. In UK, the expansion rate transcended the 2% target. Bank of England representative, Mr. Ruler, accepts the swelling will ascend towards 5% in the following months and MMC imagines that high expansion is only impermanent as it will fall beneath the objective in 3 years. In any case, Inflation underneath the objective of 2% is decided to be similarly as awful as swelling over the objective. Reasons for expansion Inflation is generally classified as request pull or cost-push. Request pull expansion is an ascent all in all cost level in the economy brought about by an increment in the total interest and creation levels can't fulfill the serious need quickly (Hubbard et al. 2010) Cost push swelling is an ascent all in all value level in the economy brought about by a reduction in the total gracefully of products and enterprises. Total gracefully decline when there is an expansion in cost of sources of info, for example, crude materials, supplies, hardware. [pic] Figure 1 Cost-push expansion Figure 1 shows the procedure of cost-push swelling; 1. The economy is riginally at harmony at point A, with the value level P1 and genuine GDP Y1. 2. A flexibly stun moves the total gracefully bend to one side, from SRAS1 to SRAS2, which prompts a fall in genuine GDP beneath its latent capacity level and an ascent in the value level from P1 to P2 (Hubbard et al. 2010). The article alludes to an ascent of costs of petroleum and unrefined petroleum, two fundamental crude m aterials, as two reasons for swelling. The higher oil value influences others related with it, for example, vehicles, production lines, any apparatuses worked by oil. And furthermore contract intrigue installment has been expanded from 4. 8% to 5. 1% as Retail Prices Index (RPI). There are no confirmations about an ascent popular for products and enterprises. In this way UK expansion can be viewed as cost-push swelling. 3. 2 Consumer value list The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a normal of the costs of merchandise and enterprises bought by the regular family. CPI is additionally called â€Å"cost of living index† as it quantifies the expense to the average family to purchase an agent bin of merchandise and enterprises. Office for National Statistics (ONS) survey â€Å"the â€Å"shopping basket† consistently and choose which things taking outside and which acquiring, to reflect changes in the market (Topic manual for: Price Indices and Inflation. . d. ). In spite of CPI is the most well known proportion of expansion, it has a few detriments as it cannot gauge the replacement predisposition, increment in quality inclination, new item inclination and outlet inclination. . replacement predisposition: ONS accept that customers purchase a similar amo unt of every item in the market container every month, while buyers are probably going to substitute an item, whose cost goes up, with a less expensive one. . Increment in quality predisposition: items can improve in quality and along these lines the more significant expenses will reflect likewise the higher caliber of these items. Anyway CPI cannot quantify nature of items. New item inclination: ONS refreshes â€Å"the shopping basket† consistently, however during this timeframe a ton of new items, for example, new innovation instruments, can turn out in the market. Anyway new items are excluded from CPI. . Outlet predisposition: numerous individuals purchase items from markdown stores or by means of web, while ONS gathers value insights just from customary the maximum retail locations. So CPI can't generally mirror the costs that shoppers really pay. CPI in UK rose to 4% in January, most elevated record since November 2008. As indicated by the article, â€Å"The cost of pe troleum as estimated by the CPI was ? . 27 a liter in January 2011, which the Office for National Statistics said was a record high. † also, there has been an expansion in cost of food, products, expenses of transport, furniture, liquor and UK government rose VAT from 17. 5% to 20% in January. 3. Business cycle Business cycle comprises in rotating times of monetary extension and financial downturn. As indicated by the article, UK economy shrunk by 0. 5% in the last quarter of 2010, going in downturn stage. In the downturn stage work, creation and salary decline. By and large, during downturn, expansion rate goes down as there is a decrease in utilization. As a result, firms have issues to sell their items and won't raise costs. Notwithstanding, in UK the expansion is continuing rising, yet MPC accepts that swelling is brief and will be underneath the objective in three years. 4. Financing cost and money related arrangement Monetary approach is one of the devices that national banks use to impact economy. Utilizing its fiscal position to control the flexibly and accessibility of cash, the national banks endeavor to impact the general degree of monetary action in accordance with their goals. The goals of the Bank of England are: keeping up value strength †low expansion †and supporting financial development. Value soundness is characterized by the Government’s swelling objective of 2%. In 1998 Bank of England was perceived autonomous to set loan costs from the administration. The enactment gives that if, in outrageous conditions, the Government has the ability to offer directions to the Bank on loan fees for a constrained period (Monetary Policy Framework. n. d. ). The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) is an exceptional board, which meets month to month to choose the degree of loan fees. It is led by the Governor of the Bank of England, Mr. Ruler (Monetary Policy Framework. n. d. ). The national bank can choose to attempt expansionary money related approach or contractionary financial arrangement. Expansionary fiscal arrangement Expansionary financial approach comprises on activities tak

Importance Of The Financial Statements To The Stakeholders - 3300 Words

Importance Of The Financial Statements To The Stakeholders (Essay Sample) Content: THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTSNameCourseTutorCityDateIntroductionFinancial statements which are also called financial reports are formal records of financial activities that show the financial position of a businessman entity or a person. The financial information that is relevant is presented in a manner that is structured manner and in a form that not difficult to understand. The financial report includes basic financial statements that are accompanied by a discussion or analysis by the management. A statement showing the financial position of a company or a balance sheet reports on the assets that the company has its liabilities and the owners equity at a particular time (Gibson, 2014).A companys statement of comprehensive income, the statement showing the revenues and expenses of the business, profit and loss statement, report onthe companys income, expenses and profits. A statement on the profit and loss gives information on the operation of a business. These operation s include the sales as well as the various expenses that occurred during the period that is stated. A statement of equity reports the changes of equity in an enterprise. The companys records on the flow of cash more especially its financial activities and operating investment are recorded in the cash-flow statement. For large companies, these financial statements are complex and may include a set of footnotes that are complex (Armstrong, 2010).The Objectives of Financial StatementsRevsine (2015) Postulates that the main objective of the financial statement is to give information about the performance, the financial position and any changes in financial position of a business. This information is essential for a several users so that they can make prudent economic decisions. The financial statements are expected to be relevant, understandable, comparable, and reliable. These qualities are important because of the assets, equity, liabilities, income. Equality and the expenses are dire ctly related to the financial position of an organization. The statements are intended to be read and understood by readers who have some knowledge of business, economic activities and accounting and who are willing to study the information diligently (Young Cohen, 2013).The Use of Financial statements as communication toolsThe accountants communicate important information they are therefore communicators. Accountancy is the art of relaying financial information about an entity, a business to the users who are the managers and shareholders. They communicate using financial statements that usually show in monetary terms the economic resources that are under the control of the management. Accountancy is an art because the accountant selects information that is relevant and reliable to the uses and leaves the rest out. Shareholders need this information to ensure that the managers are taking care of the resources under their control properly. The financial information is essential for the shareholders so that they can evaluate the performance of the managers. The information is also important so that the shareholder can predict the future performance. The financial statements show clearly whether the financial resources of the company have grown or diminished for a particular period (Shim, 2014).The main five basic financial statements are explained below.Income Statement:Barth (2014) argues that the primary statement that accountants use in measuring the performance of an entity. This report is important because it shows both the bottom-line and the topline growth of a business. In order to see how successful the company was during the period under assessment, the net income is used. The statement has another essential element that is the expenses that the company incurred in the process of generating income. The management does a comparison of the sales and expenses of the previous period and check whether there are adjustments that are required.Balance Sheet: It is also called the statement of the financial position. It is given that name because it provides information about the liabilities, assets, the organizations and the owners equity. The balance sheet is different from the income statement because it is prepared at a particular date and not a period of assessment. It is, therefore, shows the financial position of an organization in a specific time and it gives the managers a true reflection of the company at a specifictime (Barth, 2014).The statements give a reflection of the resources that the company owns and the way in which those resources are financed. The management will use this information to make a comparison of the current statement with the previous ones, and identify if there are some ups and downs that need to be addressed (Collings Loughran, 2013).3. Cash Flow Statement:This statement provides information about the cash flows and outflows of an organization during a specific period.4. Statement of Stockholders Equity :This report gives information concerning the equity of the stakeholders as it I indicated in the balance sheet accompanied with an explanation on why there is a change on the items. The managers should continuously do a review of the dividends given a well as the earnings that are retained. If there is a decrease in the retained earnings, the managers should check whether there are enough funds for the payment of the liabilities (Carmona, 2008).5. Statement of Comprehensive Income:This financial reportprovides information that cannot be included in the statement o incomes. The items like the gains and losses that are not realized, theinvestments, the foreign currency transactions and the pensions are included in this statement. This statement is essential in helping the manager make decisions on the future sources of cash (Shim, 2013).The Importance of Financial statements to the usersThe financial statements give information that is important for both decision making and steamship roles. The former means that the financial information is important in making investment decisions and therefore, it requires information that I future-oriented. The stewardship role of information means that it is used to monitor the management of the capital after investment. This focuses on the actions that took place in the past and have implications on the important financial information like the earnings of the company per share as well as the leverage ratios (Carmona, 2008).The professional equity investors use the financial information and the direct company contacts from the financial statement. The income statement is regarded as the most useful while the management contacts are the most important in overall. The sources of information are used independently. The information on financial reporting is used together with other sources like the management contacts before a decision is arrived at. The management meetings are used in making sense of the plethora of the hard da ta that is provided by the companies in the financial statements themselves as well as by the analysts. However, sometimes the management meetings sometimes cover the information that is outside the financial statements (The managers ability to implement the strategy as well as strategic information).The management meetings would not be productive if the managers do not have the audited financialreports (JeanJean, 2008).The non-accounting information is important to professional equity investors but it is used to add meaning to the audited data. The use an interpretation of the earning information is not always based on a total understanding of the accounting issues of measurement and recognition. The studies conducted show that the analysts fail to use all the information that is publicly available to make their forecasts. The users of financial information are divided into two categories: the external and the internal. The internal users refer to the management team that uses the accounting information that is related to decision making in the operation of the company. The external users are the people who are not involved in the operations of the company. The external users are of two categories: the ones who have a direct financial interest in the company who include the investors, the owners and the creditors. The other category comprises of those who do not have a direct financial interest who include the customers, the government, the employees, and others (Shim, 2013).This is prone to under-reaction and overreaction. The following are the users of the financial information: * The owners and the investors. The stockholders in companies need financial information so that they can make decisions on what they need to do with their investments. * The prospective investors require the financial information in order to do an assessment of the companys potential for success and profitability. The small business also needs the financial information so that they can know whether they are making a profit or not. * The business management needs financial information to make economic decisions. The information will be helpful in determining whether the company has enough cash, how much suppliers it requires, the profits they made the previous year and whether they met the expectations or not. * The lenders like banks and other financial institutions require the financial information so that they can know whether the company has the ability to pay the liabilities upon its maturity. * The traders and suppliers require the financial information in order to know whether the company is able to meet its obligations when the time is due. They are also interested in knowing whether the company I in a position to meet its short-term obligations. * The government needs the financial i...

New Frontier APUSH Topics to Study for Test Day

Coming from the most recent election of 2016, it’s hard to believe that presidential elections can be hopeful, that people can feel inspired to do something great. But these types of elections can and have existed in our nation’s history, especially when a charismatic individual taps into a particular, optimistic zeitgeist of a moment. John F. Kennedy’s 1960 election was one such moment; his New Frontier program of optimism and community action led him to the White House. Keep reading to get more information about what this New Frontier program was about for the APUSH exam. What was JFK’s New Frontier program? Video of JFK accepted the 1960 Democratic nomination for President. This speech is commonly known as his â€Å"New Frontier† speech. Source here. In 1960, when JFK would accept the Democratic Party’s nomination for President, he gave a speech that would come to define the rest of his campaign and the beginning of his presidency. I’ll let JFK take over here. On July 15, 1960 in Los Angeles, California, he said: I think the American people expect more from us than cries of indignation and attack. The times are too grave, the challenge too urgent, and the stakes too highto permit the customary passions of political debate. We are not here to curse the darkness, but to light the candle that can guide us through that darkness to a safe and sane future. As Winston Churchill said on taking office some twenty years ago: if we open a quarrel between the present and the past, we shall be in danger of losing the future. Today our concern must be with that future. For the world is changing. The old era is ending. The old ways will not do. I stand tonight facing west on what was once the last frontier. From the lands that stretch three thousand miles behind me, the pioneers of old gave up their safety, their comfort and sometimes their lives to build a new world here in the West. They were not the captives of their own doubts, the prisoners of their own price tags. Their motto was not every man for himselfbut all for the common cause. Today some would say that those struggles are all overthat all the horizons have been exploredthat all the battles have been won that there is no longer an American frontier. Butthe problems are not all solved and the battles are not all wonand we stand today on the edge of a New Frontierthe frontier of the 1960sa frontier of unknown opportunities and perils a frontier of unfulfilled hopes and threats. the New Frontier of which I speak is not a set of promisesit is a set of challenges. It sums up not what I intend to offer the American people, but what I intend to ask of them. It appeals to their pride, not to their pocketbookit holds out the promise of more sacrifice instead of more security. But I tell you the New Frontier is here, whether we seek it or not. Beyond that frontier are the uncharted areas of science and space, unsolved problems of peace and war, unconquered pockets of ignorance and prejudice, unanswered questions of poverty and surplus. It would be easier to shrink back from that frontier, to look to the safe mediocrity of the past, to be lulled by good intentions and high rhetoricand those who prefer that course should not cast their votes for me, regardless of party. (Source: JFK Presidential Library) JFK was speaking to a strategy that would not only defeat the Republicans but would come to define how he saw the challenges and opportunities of the 1960s; whether it be space exploration, or dealing with the USSR, the United States JFK envisioned was one of new frontiers. Was the New Frontier policy successful? Well, JFK became the President of the United States, so in that way, it was extremely successful. Furthermore, he established programs like the Peace Corps in 1961 that led to giving young people with the enthusiasm necessary to realize the goals he outlined in the New Frontier speech a reality an opportunity to help people on a global scale. President greets Peace Corps Volunteers. White House, South Lawn. August 9, 1962. Source: here. Why was the New Frontier program so successful? This is a question that has to be answered through historical interpretation; no amount of facts or speculation can tell us exactly why people gravitated towards JFK’s message. Sure, there were the good looks and the near movie star quality he and his wife, Jackie, exuded. And there was the fact that Nixon’s message was not resonating with people at the time. But there is something about the combination of his youth, charm, and family credentials (the Kennedys have held at least one political office from between 1947 and 2011 – that is a political dynasty) when compared with Nixon’s message (and Nixon’s poor debate performances) that made Kennedy’s New Frontier successful. The New Frontier even continued, albeit in a different form, after JFK’s death with the Johnson administration. It is easy to see parallels between the programs of the New Frontier policies and those of the Great Society. What kinds of questions will I be asked on the APUSH exam about the New Frontier? The Great Society rests on abundance and liberty for all. It demands an end to poverty and racial injustice, to which we are totally committed in our time. But that is just the beginning. . . It is harder and harder to live the good life in American cities today. There is not enough housing for our people or transportation for our traffic. . . . Our society will never be great until our cities are great. . . For better or for worse, your generation has been appointed by history to deal with those problems and to lead America toward a new age. You have the chance never before afforded to any people in any age. You can help build a society where the demands of morality, and the needs of the spirit, can be realized in the life of the Nation. So, will you join in the battle to give every citizen the full equality which God enjoins and the law requires, whatever his belief, or race, or the color of his skin? Lyndon B. Johnson, Great Society Speech, 1964. Source: Stanford History Education Group In what ways do the Great Society policies and the New Frontier policies form a cohesive program for the Kennedy/Johnson administrations? I. A focus on calling individual people to action II. Framing the issues of the time period as opportunities and challenges that need to be solve III. Emphasizing newness and novelty in proposed solutions to problems A. I only B. I and II C. III only D. I, II, III Correct Answer: D. Both programs aimed to get individuals involved in making their country a better place by framing problems as opportunities to propose novel solutions.

What Impression Does The Character Of C - 1456 Words

What Impression Does the Character of Creon create in Antigone? At the start of the play Creon is introduced by the chorus who represent the old Theban citizens who say, â€Å"Creon, the new man of the day† which introduces him in a positive way towards the audience as it gives the audience a strong emphasis on his character as the words â€Å"new† and â€Å"Man† are both been placed in a positive aspect. After the Chorus introduces Creon, he begins a speech which shows him a strong and respectful leader; he has just won a battle and has become ruler of Thebes. In his speech he starts off with â€Å"My countrymen, the ship of state is ship† this first line already shows that Creon is a patriotic man as he calls the citizens of Thebes his â€Å"countrymen† and†¦show more content†¦The disliking towards Creon is later own increased when he talks about the death of Antigone, in the line 875 he portrays himself as a God which is very disrespectful towards the Gods and is very frond upon by the citizens of Thebes and the members of the audience. Creon has shown many sides of himself in the text however he has had a lot to deal with he should not been seen as a villain as he is going through a lot of hard decisions that made him act in the wrong way as it is very hard to decide when he has all this power and a whole city is watching him. What Impression Does the Character of Antigone create in Antigone? Antigone is introduced with her sister Ismene; she begins to speak about her emotions from her words the audience knows that she is deeply upset but yet also furious as she says, â€Å"The doom reserved for enemies marches on the ones we love the most† this gives a depressing tone to Antigone’s tone showing the audience that she is very sad about something she knows. We then find out that she upset about that one of her brothers isn’t allowed a funeral and clearly knows that if she buries Polynices she will be sentenced to death. However she asks Ismene, â€Å"Will you share the labor, the work?† here Antigone represents herself towards the audience as a family caring women who would do anything for her family as respect and is even willing to die for the fact. Her determination is shown we sheShow MoreRelatedThe Similarities Of Films Who Does Not Love A Great Comedy 1071 Words   |  5 PagesFilms Who does not love a great comedy film. I know that comedy is my favorite genre. 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Essay about Eduardo Bonilla-Silvas Book, Racism Without...

Race has been an issue in North America for many years. Eduardo Bonilla-Silva discusses the new racism in his book, Racism without Racists. Bonilla-Silva classifies the new racial discrimination as color blind racism. Color blind racism is then structured under four frames (26). Color blind racism is believed to have lead to the segregation of the white race from other minorities called white habitus. Color blind racism and white habitus has affected many people, whom don’t even realize that they are, have been or will be affected. Color blind racism is an â€Å"ideology, which acquired cohesiveness and dominance in the late 1960s, explains contemporary racial inequality as the outcome of nonracial dynamics,† according to Bonilla-Silva†¦show more content†¦The reasoning for abstract liberalism usually deals with equal opportunity, choice and individualism as a defense to white privilege (28). In this frame, it says that you can’t allow preferential treatment to certain groups to promote racial equality because equal opportunity is available for everyone. This denies that there are any advantages to whites based from history. Cultural racism uses the â€Å"they don’t have it altogether† statement (39). â€Å"The essence of the American version of this frame is â€Å"blaming the victim,† arguing that minorities’ standing is a product of their lack of effort, loose family organization, and inappropriate values,† stated Bonilla-Silva (40). Kara a MU student states, â€Å"black people that I’ve met†¦I don’t want to say waiting for a handout, but to some extent, that’s kind of what I’m like hinting at,† when asked what she thought about â€Å"blacks lacking motivation† (40). Other students used a kinder response to the above question leading to a family structure issue, a lack of education, and financially that blacks had to get a job at an earlie r age than whites (41). Cultural racism is the basis of most racism today. The blame game is used in all situations. People’s egos don’t like toShow MoreRelatedDoes Racism Still Exist?1549 Words   |  7 PagesDoes racism still exist? This is one of the countless controversies between people today in which many people might answer â€Å"no†. Others may agree with Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, a sociology professor at Duke University. Bonilla-Silva argues that racism still exists, but has become more subtle since the end of segregation. Bonilla-Silva refers to this new racism as color-blind racism. This term is defined by Bonilla-Silva in his book, White Supremacy and Racism in the Post-Civil Rights Era, as, A newRead MoreStill Seeing Of Black And White?1562 Words   |  7 PagesBlack and White? Does racism still exist? This is one of the countless controversies between people today in which many people might answer â€Å"no†. Others may agree with Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, a sociology professor at Duke University. Bonilla-Silva argues that racism still exists, but has become more subtle since the end of segregation. Bonilla-Silva refers to this new racism as color-blind racism. This term is defined by Bonilla-Silva in his book, White Supremacy and Racism in the Post-Civil RightsRead MoreRacism Without Racists, By Jordan Peele797 Words   |  4 Pagesform of covert racism existing in a post- Jim Crow era. Similarly, Eduardo Bonilla- Silva’s book Racism Without Racists acknowledges the contemporary system of racism or â€Å"new racism,† a system of covert racism currently utilized to subjugate minorities. In this section, I will analyze distinctive parts of Get Out that portray white liberal attitudes towards African Americans and compare it to Racism Witho ut Racists in order to illustrate the common acknowledgement of a new racism. Keep in mind, itRead MoreSegregation Within The Housing Market843 Words   |  4 PagesWhen people talk about racism throughout modern society, a question that emerges is â€Å"How does modern racism influence residency and neighborhoods in economic and political viewpoints?† Some argue that segregation within the housing market has been a devastating, long-term, issue for African Americans as a result of racial zoning due to income along with race, while others believe that the United States has indeed enforced policies to prevent blacks from obtaining and maintaining wealth to merge withRead MoreThe Linguistics Of Color Blind Racism1262 Words   |  6 PagesEduardo Bonilla-Silva is a professor of sociology. He has written multiple books about color racism. The linguistics of color blind racism: how to talk nasty about blacks without sounding â€Å"racist† is one of the works that incudes color racism that I will be discussing. This title describes how other races that are racists are trying to hide so they find ways to speak about the blacks trying to not sound racist. I am in agreement with Silva’s work because I have witnessed instances where semantic

Darren Aronofskys Pi Essay - 1670 Words

Darren Aronofskys Pi Is there an answer, a key to unlocking the mystery of nature, of life, of the universe? In the movie Pi, this question is explored through an intriguing, intense, thought-provoking plot, which leaves the viewer pondering its contents and ideas for hours afterwards. The movie Pi was written and directed by the young producer Darren Aronofsky. As his first big film, Pi won him Best Director at the 1998 Sundance film festival. This film was produced in an ideal time to appeal to societys increasing interest for tapping into spirituality and understanding the meaning and purpose of life. It pulls the audience in by intriguing and challenging them with complex questions and ideas and†¦show more content†¦The true bizarreness of the film is shown in Maxs insane hallucinations. The camera focuses in on Maxs right thumb twitching and shaking until his whole body is overcome by a massive migraine. Throughout the film, Max is plagued by these headaches, each beginning with a camera close-up of his twitching thumb. The dramatic effect is intensified by a mess of techno, chaotic-sounding music until suddenly there is silence signaling the end of Maxs pain and the beginning of his strange hallucinations. The ordeal is always ended by a flash of light, identical to the one he saw after his first headache at the origin of his genius. He narrates of his first headache at the age of six, caused by staring into the sun, leaving him blind for several days. When the bandages finally came off, he saw a bright light, which signified him being taken into a new state of understanding. . This incident gave Max his special ability to understand mathematics and his amazing grasp of the number theory. The movie contains several bits of narration like this by the main character, intended to give the viewer a feeling of probing into the very mind and thoughts of Max. The bizarre hallucination s seem to be a device to show the abyss of madness that Max nears. Throughout the film, Max confides in only one person, his mentor andShow MoreRelatedRod Serling And Darren Aronofsky1632 Words   |  7 PagesMark Beaton Com 320 October 15, 2015 Rod Serling and Darren Aronofsky I. Intro A. Darren Aronofsky 1. Aronofsky’s work B. Rod Serling 2. Serling’s work II. Pi A. Close-ups 1. â€Å"Eye of the Beholder† B. Ugly Faces C. Black and White 2. Twilight Zone III. Noah A. Watchers IV. Dialogue used in Aronofsky’s work A. Connection to Twilight Zone Intro Darren Aronofsky is a film maker who has made a variety of films throughout his career. He has worked as the director, producer, and writer onRead MoreThe Effects Of Heroin And Prescription Opiates1971 Words   |  8 Pagesthe high that comes with their first hit of heroin. Who does the prescription drug and heroin epidemic most effect? Where do these people live and go to school and work? What is the rate of overdose and how can this be prevented? In director Darren Aronofsky’s 2000 movie Requiem for a Dream, he portrays a group of three young adults who become addicted to heroin and travel in a downwards spiral as they try to â€Å"make it big† by buying and selling heroin. While they try to make it out of their opiate-inducedRead More Crusaders of Truth in Cats Cradle and Pi Essay1012 Words   |  5 PagesCrusaders of Truth in Cats Cradle and Pi      Ã‚  Ã‚   In our world, people are constantly searching for the truth, or answers for things that seem unexplainable. On a quest to make the uncertainties of life easier, or more reasonable, some people have invented tools such as religion, and deemed them truthful. People such as Felix Hoenikker from Kurt Vonneguts Cats Cradle, and Max Cohen from Darren Aronofskys film Pi, resist such inventions and see a different definition of truth, which is scienceRead MoreRequiem for a Dream981 Words   |  4 PagesHow does editing, mis en scene, sound and cinematography in the opening sequence of Requiem for a dream represent the effects of drug abuse on the main characters? Requiem for a dream was made in 2000, and was directed by Darren Aronofsky. The film exposes the truth about drug addiction and the effects it has on peoples lives. It also shows people who are trying to fit into society which can have disastrous effects which causes them to turn to drugs to fit in. The film follows four individual

Why Do American Eat Fast Food - 945 Words

Why Do American’s Eat Fast Food? With over 200,000 different restaurants across America, fast food has become a national staple in many American lives. On average, eighty percent of Americans are eating at fast food restaurants at least one time per month. Though there are documented health risks in consuming fast food on a regular basis, the fast food industry reported a record 191.03 billion U.S. dollars in revenue in 2013 (Statista.com). The first fast food restaurant opened in the United States in 1916 in Wichita, Kansas. That restaurant was White Castle and it laid the foundation for the future success of fast food establishments. White Castle customers placed their orders and waited outside of their car for employees to deliver their food. AW soon followed the trend and created drive-in’s. By the 1940’s, carhops were delivering food to the cars by roller skates and drive-thru windows soon followed. Famous actors and jingle writers got their hands in the fa st food industry in the late 1950’s. The addition of television and radio ads pushed the fast food industry to expand with the growing sales markets (Accupos.com). In the 1950’s, the fast food industry took full advantage of the new marketing ideas and marketing for the restaurants immediately paid dividends. Restaurants with simple menu’s had begun to pop up all over the country. Customers could easily recognize their favorite restaurant’s signage as franchises and restaurant chains could be seen from New YorkShow MoreRelatedFast Foods And Fast Food Essay1147 Words   |  5 PagesFast food is one of the easiest ways to get food and eat it in a hurry. More people have been eating fast food rather than eating at home for years. The rate of fast food consumption has not slowed in over fifteen years (North). Americans in today’s society are busier than they have been. With people being busy they cannot find an easy way to make dinner, so they go to fast food restaurants to get food on the go. Many Americans also believe they are too busy to go shopping for groceries. Being busyRead MoreHow Fast Food Affect A French Health907 Words   |  4 Pages How Fast Food Affect a French Health Over time eating has become easier than ever. United States created fast food which the main purpose was to benefit people from eating on the go and today this eating efficiently has spread all over the world. Not only U.S. joined the new eating concept, but many other countries including France. Fast food has spread all over France, and it is the second country with the largest fast food consumer. It is very surprising to see an European country as the secondRead MoreFast-Food, Causes And Effects Of Fast Food1348 Words   |  6 PagesWhen you go out and buy a burger or a soft drink do you ever think about the consequences of what you’re putting into your body? One of the growing epidemics in America is the fact that people seem to be eating too much fast food that is causing obesity. Not only does fast food cause obesity but you are also at risk of other illnesses such as, heart disease, diabetes, and blood pressure. The leading cause is due to all the fast food that we hav e available at all times. Everywhere you look you seeRead MoreFor Many Families, Money Plays A Massive Role In Choosing1287 Words   |  6 PagesFor many families, money plays a massive role in choosing food options. On top of paying house mortgages, car payments, and utilities, many of these parents struggle to provide healthy food options for their children. In the United States, â€Å"approximately 42 percent of children and adolescents reported that they eat fast food regularly† (â€Å"Journal of the American Dietetic Association† ). This number is not surprising, there are over 630,511 restaurants. As a result, the childhood obesity has been increasingRead MoreShould The State Of Florida Should Ban Fast Food1014 Words   |  5 PagesFloridians love life in the fast lane and sadly it has cost some of them their lives. There has been lots of debates on whether the state of Florida should ban fast food eating places. The Florida government should ban fast food rest aurants. These diners need to be banned because they promote laziness, unhealthy eating habits and obesity. Laziness affects a lot of Americans, that’s part of the reason why so many people today are obese. If people are obese it’s because of the poor unhealthy eatingRead MoreAmerica Is The Richest Country988 Words   |  4 PagesWhy it is that America is the richest country in the world but have one of the worst diets and eating habits out of them all? Americans has turned away from their old traditional way of cooking and eating. In the past, Americans cooked almost all of their food at home and ate at a dinner table. Before, there was fast food or processed food American women stayed at home all day cooking dinner for their family; they also enjoyed cooking it was one of their favorite chore. Now, that there are more womenRead MoreThe Effects of Fast Food Essay691 Words   |  3 PagesIs fast food getting to be a problem? Many people love fast food but do not even now what it does to their body. There is getting to be more and more evidence that fast food is bad for people. Just about every day there is somebody that is going to the hospital because of all the fast food they eat. People may not like fast food because it is unhealthy, targets children, and exploits animals. Schlosser and Wilson explain, â€Å"If you took the 13 billion hamburgers that Americans eat every year and putRead MoreEssay on Fast Food Addiction667 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Fast Food is Our New Addiction Obesity is increasing rapidly because of the fast food. Showing and telling people how unhealthy to eat the fast food is extremely hard because it is now the popular culture for the societies those are dominated by the fast food industries. High profit and low cost is the primary reason why there are many Burger Kings and McDonald’s in the world (Kenway, â€Å"Junk food: The New Tobacco†). Yet some readers may challenge my view by insisting that the fast food industriesRead MoreOverweight Essay629 Words   |  3 Pagesof the weight problems Americans have are being overweight or obese. There are no signs that the percentages of Americans who are overweight or obese are decreasing. Not just teenagers but kids and adults worry about their weight. People have weight problems for different reasons. I think Americans need to put an effort to manage their weight. The percent of Americans being overweight or obese is increasing. There is a study that suggests that by 2030, 86 percent of Americans could be overweight orRead MoreFast Food Receives Mixed Emotions For Example, A Common1575 Words   |  7 PagesFast food receives mixed emotions for example, a common occurrence, a guilty pleasure, or taboo. In the book The Omnivore’s Dilemma the author Michael Pollan talks about fast food in the chapter â€Å"The Meal: Fast food†. Everyone has some sort of relationship with it one way or another. Pollan not only talks about fast food, but, dissects what is actually inside of fast food. However, before we can jump in on another diet trend or on anyone who is talking about what people should be eating, we need

Leadership in Organizations Issues and Key Trends

Question: Discuss about the Leadership in Organizations for Issues and Key Trends. Answer: Leadership and Change Management Development Plan At present day the world is changing its structure in terms of management every day. So with the advancement of technology every organization would like to implement the new techniques into their company for the growth of Business in the market. For this a special leadership qualities are required to plan the changing criteria and executing it according to the designed structure. Change management is the key factor for any organization for the success. In this competitive world, the essential skill of the manager is to show the effectiveness of identifying the capability of adjusting to the changes according to the situations and grab the advantages from the changing structure (Goetsch Davis, 2014). The change management plan includes planning of the process from all the aspects of how the changes are happening and from which structure to what state and the areas that are being focused for the change. The change of management is expected for the development in future desired area (By, Burnes Oswick, 2012). The activity of changing process should be planned accordingly and taken forward with good analytical skills as whole process here is interlinked. Since the changing process is linked with various other aspects such as Set time frames for the actions Prioritizing the planned steps Assigning of responsibilities to the officials Reviewing the process at every step to get away from the mistakes By following all these criterion change management development plan should be done effectively with proper planning structure by exhibiting the best leadership qualities of managing the entire team and should be step forward of the process every time is the best way of exhibiting the leadership (Cameron Green, 2015). For the change management practices to be effective the mangers have to play the key role. The employees are made knowledgeable regarding the changes that are occurring and making them work efficiently to take the advantage of the changes (By Burnes, 2013). For the change management to be effective three elements are required that are: Moving Unfreezing Refreezing Moving is the case where a forward step is taken and allowing the change to occur. This means make a comfort zone by the change Unfreezing is the case where by accepting and getting ready for the change from the previous state Refreezing is the case where changes necessarily take place as the demand for this is seen everyday Plan of Action The following plan should be implemented for the change management development which includes the process of three steps: In the first step, we need to note the requirement for the change to occur In the second step, we need to list down the differences and the favorable outcomes from the change structure to current state (Beck Cowan, 2014) In the third step, the strategic designs should be encouraged from the employees of the team and get the idea of change and its effectiveness within them At the next level, implement the changes that are blending with the culture of organization so that it can be accepted easily and lasts long Finally, acquire the necessary skills and features which need to be incorporated to make the change a big success The leader is expected to exhibit his qualities of leadership by making people complete work efficiently in the given time frame and achieving the goal. His vision should be completely focused on the success of the organization with quality of work. The basic concepts of leadership should be followed by the person (By Burnes, 2013). They should be self-confident before taking the authority to drive their ambition on the employees. Dedication to work and creativity in the activities should be shown. Best Plan Practices Developed The leading mobile company Apple was always successful in implementing the change management practices every time as it believed in this practice. It bought the changes in the organization whenever it felt it was required. The company has its own practice for innovative ideas and made changes according to it with the advancement in technology and did not follow any other business strategies (Belias Koustelios, 2014). Their product is being run in the market successfully because of the innovative change management plan in the organization. The driving forces that are changed by the management are increased to low down the effect of forces that confine the change management practice. The best practice that is followed by this company is the ADKAR model which represents the Awareness, desire, knowledge, Ability and the Reinforcement. As known if product is going to be released or it is in the market it needs proper awareness to be created by letting the customers know the usage and the advantages and how it is helpful to them. That is what is done by the Apple Company (Carter et al, 2013). It has created the craze for the product in people by its effective features by awareness. With this practice it has planned proper activities of change management and filled the gaps of loopholes where ever required by diagnosing them. The apple phone has experience a drastic changes from its starting model to the latest one by following this practice. They incorporated their innovative ideas through the leadership knowledge and made people to have a desire of Apple phone with its attracting features (Finkelman, 2015). Provide SMART recommendations for the development/implementation plan Depending on the project type whether it is large or small, variations are expected on various aspects. In case, for a projects which are large and have broad range of users the implementation step of the process is quite complex an often challenging and the time required would be more than compared to the other stages of development (Avolio Yammarino, 2013). A proper preference has to be given for the implementation stage of project development so that it can benefit the plan very often. The following recommendations are suggested to consider mainly for the projects which are large which are in a requirement of wide spreading their business and implementing the change management systems for their business. The strategy of implementing the change management developing plan should be handed over to the people who are appropriate in working with the system that is new. The idea of selecting those people is that they would have a strong interest it carrying the things in the right fashion. Have a proper understanding of the practices that are locally working and get the support from the superior managing team. Before that get the idea by collecting the information from the survey of what kind of changing management plans are being expected from the market view (Johnston Marshall, 2016). This gives the basic structure that the changes that are being implemented would not affect the current state and will make a perfect fix. The implementation team should be given the strong support from the head of the organization so that they can work effectively. The chairperson also should involve himself in presenting the changing plan by explaining it to all the employees of the organization and its beneficial part. Training should be given to all the team members involved from different areas as the change management plan is connected with the entire process in all levels. Extended levels of training should be given to all users involving a various number of sessions to all the managing team, project heads and implementation team and their team members. The training is never ending. Short sessions of the required step can be split into many parts. The beast training session would be in the form of basic level of training followed by a two sessions of follow ups in the intervals of monthly difference (Johnston Marshall, 2016). For implementing the changes, get the ideas from the people such as users who are very expertise in using the products and can suggest the ideas and motivate for the changes. Effective measures should be taken to know the track of the implementation process and its progress with the timely manner Design the presentation structure of your Plan. Figure 1: Change Process Source: (Johnston Marshall, 2016) The above figure briefs out the structure of the plan that is going to be implemented for the change management development plan. Here is the description for the structure of the plan which goes as follows: Propose the reasons behind the change: Factors responsible for the change management development should be listed and the decision led to this which might be gaps in the performance, development of advanced technology or any other organizations motto (Johnston Marshall, 2016). The present state in the organization and the changing plan that is going to be implemented should be described. Scope and type of changes should be defined: Give the brief structure of change management plan nature. Know whether this change has any adverse effects on other roles in job, or any changes in other process, any change in policy and the organizations structure (Belias Koustelios, 2014). List out the systems or areas that might undergo changes. Stakeholders support description: Any organization members such a project heads, managers, team leaders or any employees are being victim of the change and whether stakeholders is okay with the change (Carter et al, 2013). Change management team should be created: The teams main function is to communicate with other members of the organization such as stakeholders and making note of their concerns and making sure that changes are smoothly processed without any effect on others. People with good communication skills and with high credibility are to be chosen. Organization management approach should be developed: Get support from the higher officials of the organization for a successful change to occur which is very critical. Get feedback from the senior officials of the organization and make a good support with them to implement the changes (Avolio Yammarino, 2013). Make a plan for every stakeholder: All stakeholders even who are involved in plan should be warned with the risks and their concerns should be considered. The change management team should be responsible for addressing them. Prepare a communication plan: Any process requires communication so here also its the important factor. Make a frequent communication with the person being affected. Support the changes and reason behind it and what kind of benefits if brings. Keep a track of records: Make the track of change management developing plan progressing steps at every moment of the process. References Avolio, B. J., Yammarino, F. J. (Eds.). (2013).Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road ahead. Emerald Group Publishing. Beck, D. E., Cowan, C. (2014).Spiral dynamics: Mastering values, leadership and change. John Wiley Sons. Belias, D., Koustelios, A. (2014). The impact of leadership and change management strategy on organizational culture.European Scientific Journal,10(7). By, R. T., Burnes, B. (Eds.). (2013).Organizational change, leadership and ethics: Leading organizations towards sustainability. Routledge. By, R. T., Burnes, B., Oswick, C. (2012). Change management: Leadership, values and ethics.Journal of Change Management,12(1), 1-5. Cameron, E., Green, M. (2015).Making sense of change management: a complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Carter, M. Z., Armenakis, A. A., Feild, H. S., Mossholder, K. W. (2013). Transformational leadership, relationship quality, and employee performance during continuous incremental organizational change.Journal of Organizational Behavior,34(7), 942-958. Finkelman, A. (2015).Leadership and management for nurses: Core competencies for quality care. Pearson. Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014).Quality management for organizational excellence. pearson. Hayes, J. (2014).The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave Macmillan. Hechanova, R. M., Cementina-Olpoc, R. (2013). Transformational leadership, change management, and commitment to change: A comparison of academic and business organizations.The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher,22(1), 11-19. Jacob, N. (2014). Leadership and Change Management in a Crisis Situation: A Case About Administration of an Indian District Collectorate.South Asian Journal of Management,21(2), 151. Johnston, M. W., Marshall, G. W. (2016).Sales force management: Leadership, innovation, technology. Routledge. Storey, J. (Ed.). (2016).Leadership in Organizations: Current Issues and Key Trends. Routledge.

Nimrah - a six year old who taught me to live free essay sample

A situation that has had an impact on me: A supposed heart-wrenching break up at the age of twelve, some shallow friends and a home with one absentee parent; this was all it took for me to be subjected to one of the most traumatic experiences of my life: an Acute Porphyria attack. At the age of fourteen, one has just entered the harsh world of teenage. One is completely vulnerable and ready to make one’s own mistakes; very few people rise from these mistakes without any help at all. Sadly, and yet fortunately, I was not one of these people. The fact that I was changing for the worse did not bother me. The fact that my body was beginning to look like what my friends thought was â€Å"cool†, at the expense of my health, did not bother me. The fact that the unbearable pain I endured during an attack made my parents suffer so, did not bother me either. We will write a custom essay sample on Nimrah a six year old who taught me to live or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I had managed to alienate myself from anyone who could possibly put up a mirror in front of me to make me realize what a terrible person I had become, until someone finally did, without even realizing it. I was once again in the hospital following an attack and, this time, was sharing the room with a six year old girl, Nimrah. It was amidst the grogginess of the pain killers, the intensity of the pain and the warm touch of my mother’s hand on my forehead that I first heard her silvery voice. She was discussing the children’s story, the Little Red Riding Hood, with her mother, and somehow I could simply ignore all my pain and just listen to her mother read out aloud to her. I could not help a chuckle as she corrected her mother’s reading, and smiled when I saw her large eyes fill with fright as her mother read the part where the little girl meets the wolf. My mind supplies me with only vague memories of the time I spent with Nimrah. I remember the two of us squealing with delight one day when we had hamburgers for lunch, both complaining about the bland hospital food. I remember her delightful â€Å"thank-you† when I had given her a book as a present. I do not remember that she ever mentioned her pain, but what I do remember is a prayer that she would recite whenever she felt it. The only sharp and lucid memory I have of that time is when her father told me that she had a brain tumor. My first reaction had been of shock and distress; and the second, of shame. I did not value the life I had and had chosen to completely neglect my health, which had resulted in Porphyria. My six year old friend, on the other hand, who loved Little Red Riding Hood, hated hospitals and cherished life, would die in approximately two months. I felt ashamed of myself and overwhelmingly saddened by the thought that soon I would lose her. I had grown deeply attached to her and it pained me greatly that someone as bright and kind as her had to leave this world at such a young age. She died two months after I was discharged. I have never spoken to anyone about her, yet sometimes when I am surrounded by people, their voices blurring into an incomprehensible sound, I close my eyes and think of Nimrah. I think of how she changed my life and just how selfless a person she was. The Porphyria attacks have now diminished in their frequency and intensity, and I now appreciate every little blessing that life has to offer. Nimrah left the world while suffering pain and anguish, and in doing so somehow took my pain away with her, leaving me with happiness and a positive outlook towards life. Thank you, Nimrah.

Social world Essay Example

Social world Paper The conformity studies show group influence by peers, but Milgram (1974, cited by Brown 1996) distinguished this situation from the influence of persons of authority in hierarchical situations. Milgram investigated the strength of pressure to obey with a now-famous methodology. Milgrams subjects were led to believe that they were giving electric shocks to learners (actor confederates), and they were prompted to do so a clearly marked dangerous levels despite the pre-recorded cries of the learners. The subjects exhibited signs of nervous tension, but in the situation where they were alone twenty-six of forty subjects administered the highest shock level. In a variation of this Milgram demonstrated the positive influence of peer pressure in a group situation. The subject was joined by two confederates who were instructed to resist the experimenters authority. In this case the subject joined the peer rebellion and defied the experimenter in thirty-six out of forty trials.  This can be interpreted in different ways. If the subject is seen as a pliant stooge, then this is a demonstration of group influences in a more complex, real way. There are competing influences in most situations which must be incorporated by the individual. It could be that in group situations the individual is affected to a greater extent by a peer than somebody in authority. Equally, it could be a simple aggregated effect with two confederates outnumbering the single experimenter. More positively, if we assume that the subject really does not want to shock the learner, then it may show the enabling effect of the support of others. We will write a custom essay sample on Social world specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social world specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social world specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Taken together these experiments begin to suggest that the process of influence in groups is not clear-cut or homogenous. As Brown (1996, p19) puts it [T]here is no universal way in which individuals respond to group pressureparticipants will be affected by the meaning a situation has for them which itself may be influenced by cultural variables. This is a theme that was taken up in experiments into minority influence. Mucovici et al. (1969, cited in Brown 1996) showed the effects of different kinds of peer behaviour on the strength of influence. Groups of six including two confederates were required to name the colour of a slide. The confederates called blue slides as green either consistently or consistently. Results showed that the minority influence was only significant where a consistent behavioural style was evident.  Mugny (1975, cited in Brown 1996) held group discussions on topics of contemporary concern and found that the influence of a minority required that an appropriate argument style be employed. Where differences in opinion were large a flexible negotiation style was more effective, but with smaller differences a more rigid style was more influential. Such experiments show a tendency towards reductionism, groups are reduced to peers, authorities, majorities and minorities. Group pressures become types of influence and influence becomes behavioural style. The more specific that group experiments become the less that they seem to be talking about groups and the more they refer to individuals and circumstances. However, some experiments may have more universal implications. Wetherell (1996, p203) refers to two series of experiments that may indicate that [G]roup membership in itself has profound effects upon the psychology of the individual regardless of personality and individual differences. The Summer Camp Experiments of Sherif and Sherif (1969, cited in Wetherell 1996). used a process of in-group formation and inter-group competition which led to positive identification with the in-group and to overt out-group hostility. They found that specific psychological tendencies were not necessary for this to occur, and concluded that [T]he objective relationship between two groups causes the various subjective or psychological states characteristic of intergroup relations. Tajfel and Turners (1979, cited in Wetherell 1996) Social Identity Theory (S.I.T) based on the findings of the Minimal Group Experiments goes further in identifying the particular processes that occur in individuals when they are in groups. The minimal group idea removed circumstantial factors by taking the extreme case of a group defined by the mere recognition of it. Using schoolchildren, groups were created ostensibly from arbitrary categorisation according to stated preference for the work of either Klee or Kandinsky. Tasks showed that individuals consistently gave preferential treatment to their own group even where there was no-contact between members and there was no overt self-interest involved. They concluded that competition for goals is not required for group conflict, but that conflict occurs due to the self-esteem of the individual being tied to the status of the group. This happens through a process of social categorization, social identification where individuals self-categorizes themselves as group members and attach value to that membership, and social comparison with out-groups. Some of the problems of S.I.T. reflect the wider limitations of experimental work on groups. The sense of belongingness required for defining a group seems to be activated too easily by the individual in isolation. This presents two problems. First, such sensitive activation makes it difficult to determine which single or combination of groups an individual is being influenced by at any one time. Second, if I read the Financial Times and feel a sense of belonging and esteem by doing so, it is not clear whether this says anything at all about the group called Financial Times Readers. Whilst group conflict experiments show that no particular personality traits or circumstances are needed for individuals to be affected by group membership, the analysis still fails to enter the domain of the group because the processes identified are not essentially at the system level. Sapsfords (1996, p70) Domains of Analysis tool might usefully be employed to examine the experimental approach to groups. Group experiments based on participants having effects on each other are within the interpersonal/personal domain which [T]reats the person as a whole living interaction and relationship with other people, but analytically separate from the.[which] presupposes the idea of the individual or person as something distinct from the social world. The experimental methodology therefore prevents work on groups from being located, as might be expected, in the domain of the group. This domain [I]s concerned with what people create between them though not primarily with what participating individuals do and think; the focus is either on the system of which the individuals are a part or the meanings they create between them. Social constructionist and psychodynamic perspectives on groups fit more neatly into this domain, since the group itself is seen as the fundamental unit of analysis. The group psychodynamic paradigm offers a more inclusive vision of group processes. Aschbach and Schermer (1994, adapted in Morgan and Thomas, 1996, p77) describe the paradigm across three systems. First, the internal/intrapsychic systems of each individual in the group including unconscious motivations; Second, systems of communications, both conscious and unconscious between two or more individuals; Finally, The group as group. Some psychodynamic work on groups differs in assumptions from the experimental approach whilst still retaining a focus on what happens to individuals in groups. Instead of measurable behaviour there is an emphasis on subjective experience, a dynamic unconscious and the influence of primitive motivations within the group context. However, it is in the notion of the group mind that the approaches can be most clearly distinguished. Turner (1984, cited in Morgan and Thomas 1996, p68) forthrightly rejects the concept: It is a basic assumption of modern psychology that psychological processes reside only in individuals in the most literal sense, at least, there is no such thing as a group mind'. Thus it would seem that there are no surprises in what experimental evidence can tell us about what goes on in groups. Scientific positivism is scientific positivism. Whilst it is shown that individuals are complex and do not react in just one way, patterns of influence are described in cause-and-effect terms without recourse to emergent properties. The value that we place on this evidence depends on how we define a group. If it is simply a collection of people with affiliation then we must accept that group experiments are some of the most interesting and telling in psychology. But, if we incorporate the possibility of a groupishness (Bions word) beyond that collection, then experiments can contribute little to our knowledge of the group so defined.