Children appear capable of using lexical information to resolve Essay

Children appear capable of using lexical information to resolve syntactic ambiguities, but their ability to use referential information is questionable. Discuss - Essay Example gely thought to have acquired the linguistic facts of their language, the focus of adult psycholinguistic research has been on how they process language as they hear or use it. On the other hand, the focus of child language research has been on the documentation of children’s knowledge states at various points in development; with very little emphasis on how they process their language. This appears to be an area needing further investigation as, logically, children need also apply a meaningful analysis to their inputs in order to learn language. That is, acquisition necessarily implies that parser. This paper examines the aspect of difficulties and limitations encountered by children in using referential information while they deploy with ease lexical information to resolve syntactic ambiguities. 5 The main emphasis of the Psycholinguistic research has been on comprehending as to how adults interpret language in real time. Several authors (Trueswell & Tanenhaus, 1991; Tanenhaus, Spivey-Knowlton, Eberhard & Sedivy, 1995;Altmann & Steedman, 1988; Britt, 1994) have uncovered ,within this domain of examination a complex and interactive language 6 processing system capable of swift and almost instantaneous coordination of linguistic characteristics of the message with contextual or scene specific information. Trueswell et al (1999) investigated the moment by moment language learning process in children using a technique that involved recording eye movements, done deploying a head-mounted eye-tracking system to monitor eye movements, as participants responded to spoken instructions. This research found that,† systematic differences in how children and adults process spoken language: Five Year Olds did not take into account relevant discourse/pragmatic principles when resolving temporary syntactic ambiguities, and showed little or no ability to revise initial parsing commitments. Adults showed sensitivity to these discourse constraints at the earliest

Your Description Essay Example for Free

Your Description Essay A. Background Very briefly describe yourself (age, birthplace, social class and status when you were growing up, current cultural orientation, etc.). I was born in San Francisco in 1985 to two young Israeli immigrants. I am the oldest of three and the only daughter. My family was Jewish but very secular, and our stance on religion and politics was liberal. I grew up in a middle to upper middle class suburb in the Bay Area where most of my friends were Catholic or Protestant. My current ideals have not strayed very much from my liberal upbringing, and I think that I lived somewhat of a sheltered, privileged life. However, the only thing that I may have lacked was growing up with an extended family nearby. B. Background of Parents/Grandparents/Great Grandparents ï‚ · Describe what you know about your mother, father, maternal and paternal grandparents and great grandparents and so on. ï‚ · How did your ancestors enter the United States (e.g., were they voluntary immigrants, involuntary through conquest, time of entry, etc.)? My mother grew up in a middle class neighborhood in Jerusalem, and my father was from a poorer family in the suburb of Haifa. They met during my mother’s army service, and, after she was released, they traveled around Europe for a few years. They began to feel cramped by Israel’s small borders and grew weary of the constant conflict that seemed to dominate its society. My mother inherited her US citizenship from my grandparents and had some family that still lived in California, so my mother and father immigrated to San Francisco in the late 70’s. My mother attended a master’s program at SF State, and my father worked as a maintenance engineer in one of the high-rises in the city. When my mother graduated from her program, they moved from a poor, predominantly black, neighborhood in the city to Walnut Creek to raise my brothers and me. My mother’s father was originally from Germany and escaped persecution during WWII by coming to the states with his family. In Germany, his household employed servants that took care of all the domestic work so that his mother never had to work. Her life consisted of having coffee with her friends in the morning and entertaining rich friends and businessmen at dinner parties. When Hitler came to power in Germany, they lost all their assets and immigrated penniless to the US. They settled in Chicago where  they had relatives, and for the first time in her life, his mother had to work. She had no formal education or professional skills but was happy to get a job in the garment industry as a seamstress. His dad got a job as a door-to-door salesman, and my grandfather, who was a teenager at the time, had to work in odd jobs to help the family. My aunt Ruth was too young to work at the time, so she went to the middle school in the area. My grandmother, the younger of the two sisters, lived in a very poor neighborhood in the Bronx during the depression. Her father worked as a garbage collector for the city, and her mother was a housewife. From what I recall, my grandmother’s parents moved to the states as immigrants from Poland and Russia during the pogroms after WWI. My grandparents were a part of a Zionist youth movement and met in Israel on a Kibbutz that they helped build. They were one of the first generations to move to Israel in 1948. They briefly raised their children under the socialist Ideals of Kibbutz Sasa before moving to Jerusalem, and my grandfather became the regional manager of a very successful jewelry company. I know far less history in regard to my father’s side of the family. From the information made available to me, his parents were Romanian and immigrated to Israel with very little family. They settled in Haifa where my grandfather worked in construction. My father suffered a large amount of physical abuse at the hands of my grandfather and ran away from home when he was 14. He stayed with his mother’s sister on a kibbutz in the north. When my father immigrated to the US, his parents stayed in Israel. C. Experiences with Anglo Conformity and Factors Affecting Inclusion ï‚ · By the standards of Anglo Conformity, were your relatives included or excluded in American society? ï‚ · How did they avoid/attempt/achieve assimilation and integration? ï‚ · What role did social class and social power play in their experiences? Even though my mother’s parents came from somewhat different backgrounds, both my grandparents grew up living in a city amongst those of a similar background or class. My grandmother’s neighborhood was comprised of mostly Jews and African Americans, and, while she was somewhat fearful of the black people there because, as she said, they might mug you,† she felt safe and accepted by her surrounding community. During WWII, her grandparents were still in Europe, and she remembers her childhood being more impacted by the war overseas than any discrimination in America that may have been in place.  However, she was aware that in other more â€Å"WASP† neighborhoods outside of the city she lived, Jewish people were excluded. During the depression, there was major competition for jobs, and Jewish people were scape-goated. Also at that time, schools in other areas than where she lived would only accept a finite number of Jewish children. My mother’s father also lived in a tight-knit Jewish community in the city and did not mix with the rest of the community at first. However, as he learned English and began to go to school and work, he began to feel more integrated. Unlike my grandfather and her parents, my grandmother was born in the US and did not have a language barrier to overcome. Like most second generation immigrants, she was able to assimilate with the general public, and, because she already looked European, it was easier to blend in with many other communities. However, there was some judgment from her own community when she befriended children of different backgrounds, and she often heard statements such as, â€Å"Don’t be friendly with the goyium! God forbid you marry one of them,† she was six at the time. My mother considers herself an Israeli American. Since she did not grow up here, she lacks the cultural experiences that others who did grow up in America may have. She speaks Hebrew with her Israeli friends, but also has a lot of American friends. Her English has always been good, and she never had much of an accent. She continues to relate to Israeli folk songs and dances and Jewish holidays and traditions although she does not practice religion seriously. She identifies as Caucasian with middle class values of culture, education, social equality and justice. All things being equal, I think my mother assimilated into the dominant society pretty well. My father had a harder time coming into the states and assimilating from the beginning. He had a thicker accent than my mother and did not have much of an educational background. He also suffered more anti-Semitism at his blue collar job, at which he interacted primarily with less educated, lower middle class people. To this day, his friends and the people he surrounds himself with are primarily Israeli, Jewish, family, or people he knew from his days in Israel. D. Conclusion What conclusions do you draw about your own status of assimilation based on your ethnic roots, socialization, and personal experiences? There was always a very long plane ride that separated me from most of my extended family. As  a consequence of being so disconnected with my roots and removed from relatives, I feel that I may have lost a lot of what makes me Jewish, and, during my years of assimilation and blending with the dominant Protestant culture of my neighborhood, I have become very Americanized. My mother and father would continue to speak Hebrew in the household, however, while my parents tried to teach me, I never learned how to speak it myself. We did not go to synagogue, so, while we continued to celebrate high holidays (the important Jewish holidays), the tradition of what they meant to the Jewish religion was lost on us. These holidays were instead mainly a way for family and/or friends to get together once in a while. My slight ambivalence or naivety regarding the effects of any cultural differences between my cultural upbringing and that of the dominant culture are most likely due to the fact that these particular differences were more subtle than the stark cultural differences of other cultures. Being an Ashkenazi Jew, I did not bare any physical markings of any particular minority, and I could blend in with the rest of the dominant white culture of my neighborhood. As I grew up and made friends in school, I began to notice that most did not have menorahs in their houses or barmitzva parties, and traditional holidays were not celebrated the same. While I acknowledged that these things were different, I do not think I was ashamed of them perhaps because, while they were not practiced by the majority of the people I associated with, being Jewish was mostly accepted by the majority of people. However, my experience may have been different if my skin was darker or if I had practiced my religion more seriously. However, for the most part, religion or background did not warrant discussion unless it was purposefully brought up or mentioned. On the other hand, while being Jewish may not have been shameful for me, it remained something that set me apart from others, and it was something I had to explain when a friend asked why I did not have a Christmas tree or about my fathers heavy accent. However, unlike my grandparents and great grandparents who had their Jewish communities, I also did not have a community nearby where I felt the same. My family was secular and non-religious, so we did not have any connections through the synagogue, and our extended family was in Israel. In consequence, I always felt a little left out, or like I did not belong exactly to any one place.

Hamlet as Victim and Hero Essay -- Essays on Shakespeare Hamlet

Hamlet as Victim and Hero      Ã‚   Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, a Shakespearean tragedy, tells the story of Prince Hamlet, who gained the knowledge of a terrible incident that his kingdom had suffered. Claudius, the king of Denmark and Hamlet's uncle, had killed his own brother, the king, who was also the father of Hamlet, and married his brother's widow. Hamlet suffered these traumas to a severe degree, and his only relief was to defeat his human weaknesses and correct the wrongs created by his uncle.    The soliloquy selected to describe the emotions of Hamlet, after discovering the evil doings of his uncle, is found within the lines one hundred twenty-nine to one hundred fifty-nine (Hamlet Prince 71). Hamlet's first reaction was to look for a way out, which would be a common response for several humans if they were placed in that situation. He wished for death and questioned God's decision that suicide be a sin. Most human beings, when placed as leaders in a difficult situation, will look for ways to free themselves of their responsibility. Even Jesus Christ, the greatest being to walk the face of this earth, according to Christianity, searched for a way out as He took upon him the sins of the world in the Garden of Gethsemane. In St. Mathew 26:39 he said, "O my Father, if it be possible, let this cup pass from me: nevertheless not as I will, but as thou will" (The Holy Bible 1235). Hamlet realized, as Jesus did, that he was in a situation where he was the only man to do the job. T herefore, he forgot about his own death and suicidal thoughts and concentrated more on bringing his uncle to justice.    Throughout the play, Hamlet demonstrates a witty personality although he is bogged down by the knowledge of his f... ...as pulled into this situation by chance, and it was left in his hands to justify his father's death. He did what he had to do according to his own manner.    Works Cited The Holy Bible. Authorized King James Version. Salt Lake City: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, 1989. Dodsworth, Martin. Hamlet Closely Observed. New Hampshire: The Athlone Press, 1985. Kravitz, David. Who's Who in Greek and Roman Mythology. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, Inc., 1975. Lidz, Theodore. Hamlet's Enemy, Madness and Myth in Hamlet. New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1975. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet Prince of Denmark. A Pocketful of Plays. Vintage Drama. Ed. David Madden. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1996. Wormhoudt, Arthur. Hamlet's Mouse Trap. A Psychoanalytical Study of the Drama. New York: Philosophical Library, Inc., 1956.   

Hybrid Cars :: essays research papers

Hybrid Cars There are two configurations for hybrid cars. The first configuration uses gasoline engine to run a generator. The generator supplies electricity to the motor, which drives the wheels, which allows the gasoline engine to run constantly while achieving optimum fuel efficiency. This thereby minimizes emissions owing to incomplete combustion. A hybrid car with parallel configurations uses both an engine and a motor to drive the wheels depending on driving conditions. "A hybrid car is an automotive equipped with two or more sources of motive energy" (http://www.howstuffworks.com/hybrid-car1.htm). Hybrid cars use both gas and electric. The gasoline engine is the primary source of power, while the electric motor is used at low speeds. Emissions levels are reduced because the gasoline engine shuts off at low speeds. An additional benefit of the parallel configuration is that no outside source of electric power is required because the engine itself generates the required electricity. A Hybrid Electric Vehicle known as HEV have several advantages over traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles: Regenerative braking capability, which helps minimize the energy lost when driving. Engine is sized to average load, not peak load, which reduces the weight of the engine. Fuel efficiency is greatly increased, while emissions are greatly decreased. HEVs can be operated using alternative fuels; therefore they need not be depended on fossil fuels (http://www.ott.doe.gov/hev/what.html#hev). Another great thing about these machines is the mpg; on the average, a hybrid car gets anywhe re from 55-70mpg on the hwy. This is what makes the car all worth having. Now all this sounds good, but there are some issues that must be addressed. First of all the prices must come down. The prices for hybrid cars are naturally higher because there are no existing facilities for mass production and both engine and electric motor must be installed. Another downfall is the lack of infrastructure for repair and maintenance. Many of the mechanical problems occurring with the hybrid cars may not be repairable at existing service stations.

Getting Older Essay

Introduction Math and numbers are used in every aspect and in every part of our daily lives. Everything is numbers. This is no different with people. Humans start as newborns and, if they are blessed, become elders. Numerical order is also used in determining our ages. The longer you live the older you become and the more things change. Aging is a part of life that should be embraced gracefully. There are three parts of old age. There are young old, middle aged old, and elderly old ages. Each part of being a senior citizen has its advantages and disadvantages. We still have to acknowledge the fact that the increase in living elders is making a major impact on the political aspects of being an old person. It seems to be and so we will explore why that the more seniors that survive each year seems to correspond with the lowering amount of funds available to them and more. We will attempt to cover the mark this senior citizen boom is making in the world for elders and those others it may affect. â€Å"Aging—a process that begins at birth and ends at death—has implications not only for our own lives but also for every aspect of society.† There are several problems being brought on by the indefinite increase in the aging population in America as well as other places. Not only does it affect the capital that supports many of our elders but it also weighs on what happens with their retirement and if and how they should continue to work. Now more than ever elders find themselves having to work out of obligation to stay financi ally stable and be able to be taken care of by their own finances. Elders from a while back worked because they had the ability and strength to. They were not as out of shape or out of tune with life. They did not  consume as much and many processed foods as our generations have either which would explain the longevity. Depending on what your beliefs are the reason for the ever so shortening or longing of years could have something to do with spirituality as well as environmental conditions. The demographic transition theory shows how the population is changed throughout time.It is based on the study and documentation of changes in birth/death rates. These significant transitions Result from low-high birth/death rates to high-low birth/death rates. When the aging population begins to rapidly increase, it usually is because of less new-birth but also less death. Low birth rates are as a result of access to contraception, preference to smaller families, urbanization and education of women. What a person prefers is often their business and left to their discretion, but with less youth, there are less younger adults that are able to take care of the older generation that may be needing help. Again we discuss nursing homes and health care. This is to say†¦ Ultimately, there is nothing wrong with the elders surviving. However, we should remember that we have to keep an attitude and a balance of the population and the resources available to supply the population.. There are upsides to the increase in the aging population but there are also downsides. The pros could include the fact that elders need to be attended to more could open the door for young adults to find jobs, also being guided by successful elders who hold secrets to prospering is something no one can deny is very helpful, also elders hold to a sense of familiarity meaning that just when all the fads and trends calm down, elders are there to stabilize the air. As for the downsides of the aging population, the economy is not as able to grow properly because the work field is going down, also health care has increased costs as it relates to treatments and medical care that is always needed for old people, and to add with more machinated tasks being carried out by machines as we ll as younger workers those skilled to work in a trade or a craft are not needed. Elders are having to make a choice between personal care from loved ones or the impersonal care that comes from nursing homes, home health nurses, or extended care facilities. Sadly, because of the lack of wanting to burden family members and the like, elders usually choose care from the list of impersonal care and internalize the neglect felt from having to do so. Advantages and disadvantages of implications of an aging population must be examined so that plans of implementation can be properly executed and adopted to fix or balance the situation.  The impact the older population is making does not have to be the be-all end-all factor of what is to happen as predicted by many. Increased dependency is believed to be one of the heaviest burdens that will cause the elderly to cripple the economy but it does not have to be so. We will also use the aforementioned to discuss the actions that must be taken to address the issue of the aging population. As well as having to rely on the government to make sure that this problem that seems to have arisen is taken care of there are things that we can do to be effective as well. We can definitely make sure our elders don’t feel like burdens. When I was younger we were able to adopt a grandparent. They could have kids or grandkids but many did not have any that would visit often or at all. We  would be allowed to spend time with them every weekend and it would just brighten their day to hear about what we are allowed to do and what we would discuss with them. Something as simple as this wakes the elders mind up in the nursing homes, it gets them excited again about life and their mind off where they are. Of course more financial and secure measures need to be taken but with just a simple economical start we could very well being on the road to the discovery of what works. References Demography Is Not Destiny: The Challenges and Opportunities of Global Population Aging. Full Text Available Academic Journal Uhlenberg, Peter; Generations, 2013 Spring; 37 (1): 12-8. (journal article – case study) ISSN: 0738-7806, Database: CINAHL with Full Text Subjects: Demography; Aging; World Health; Forecasting Academic Journal By: Thomas, Kali S.; Mor, Vincent. Health Services Research. Jun2013, Vol. 48 Issue 3, p1215-1226. 12p. 2 Charts, 1 Graph. DOI: 10.1111/1475-6773.12015. The demographic transition: causes and consequences. Detail Only Available Academic Journal By: Galor, Oded. Cliometrica. Jan2012, Vol. 6 Issue 1, p1-28. 28p. DOI: 10.1007/s11698-011-0062-7. , Database: Business Source Elite Subjects: STAGNATION (Economics); ECONOMIC development; HUMAN capital; DEMAND (Economic theory); DEMOGRAPHIC transition; FERTILITY; MORTALITY The Implications of Increased Survivorship for Mortality Variation in Aging Populations Full Text Available Engelman, Michal; Canudas-Romo, Vladimir; Agree, Emily M.; Population and Development Review, September 2010, v. 36, iss. 3, pp. 511-39, Database: EconLit with Full Text Subjects: Health Production ; Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts ; Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the Handicapped; Non-labor Market Discrimination . The Relationship between Older Americans Act Title III State Expenditures and Prevalence of Low-Care Nursing Home Residents. Full Text Available Academic Journal By: Thomas, Kali S.; Mor, Vincent. Health Services Research. Jun2013, Vol. 48 Issue 3, p1215-1226. 12p. 2 Charts, 1 Graph. DOI: 10.1111/1475-6773.12015. Subjects: NURSING home patients; NURSING care facilities — Finance; MEDICAID — Finance; STATE Agencies On Aging; CAREGIVERS; UNITED States. Older Americans Act of 1965; Administration of Human Resource Programs (except Education, Public Health, and Veterans’ Affairs Programs); Nursing Care Facilities (Skilled Nursing Facilities); Community care facilities for the elderly Markson, E. W. & Stein, P. J. (2012). Social gerontology: Issues & prospects. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.

Ivan Denisovich essays

Ivan Denisovich essays When communism was established, it was thought to make life easier and create equality amongst all that supported its values. The lifestyle in the Russian gulag under communism is described in the novel One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovish, written by Alexander Solzhenitsyn. After reading and carefully reviewing the facts that were presented in this book, it is vivid that communism had only made life of the Russians much harder and much more cruel than ever before. Ivan Denisovich, is a struggling prisoner attempting survival inside a Soviet gulag. Ivan Denisovich was also referred to as Shukhov. Within the novel, Shukhov is simply describing one typical day at the prison, which was located in the coldest part of Russian, Siberia. Denisovich is serving his eighth year of the ten-year sentence that he was given for accusations of treason against his own countrys government. When he was questioned about his loyalty to his country, he had two choices, either to tell the truth (that he always served the working people and he was always loyal to his country) and get killed or, he couldve untruthfully confessed to treason and be sent to jail. Shukhov began to realize that he wasnt going to be let out of jail when he saw the old man (Y-81) from gang 64 sit near him at supper. Denisovisc herd numerous theories about this old man, which all somehow connected to the fact that he has been here for as long as anyone could remember. Before your sentence i s up the guards will find something to pick on you and slap another ten-year sentence in addition to the first. The living conditions were very poor and unfortunate. Furthermore, daily food provisions are barely enough for survival. For example, during any meal time, when they were finished with their bowl of mush they would scope around the mess hall to find a bowl that hasnt been licked clean. The prisoner would pick that bowl up and couldn&ap...

4 Google Searches to Boost Interview Success

4 Google Searches to Boost Interview Success When a company has contacted you about an interview, you might think your work (getting your resume in order, pulling together your application package) is over. After all, ball’s in their court, right? Not so much. The legwork you do between the initial outreach from the company and the day of your interview can make the difference between getting the job and going through this process again with a different company and job. Preparation is essential ahead of the interview, and thanks to the wonders of Google (or your preferred web search engine), you can set yourself up nicely.Find as much information as you can on the company.Check for news alerts in particular, as these can tell you what the company’s public face is. Are they constantly on the defensive for financial shenanigans? Are they always at the forefront of raising money for your favorite charity? Good or bad, this research can give you a baseline of information about the company in general.The good things (s trong financial success, major philanthropy efforts) can be casually worked into the conversation during your interview to show that you’ve been paying attention to the company’s fortunes. The bad stuff, well, that’s for your own reference. It won’t endear you to that company’s employees if you open with, â€Å"Jeez, you guys had a heck of a bad quarter, huh?†Do a little digging into the company’s key people.This can include the person who will be interviewing you. A quick check of LinkedIn can tell you if you have any shared school or business connections. When you do this bit of research, though, tread carefully. Remember that on networks like LinkedIn, you  can see who’s been looking at your  profile, and how many times. So while natural curiosity can seem proactive, definitely be wary of seeming stalker-y.That same policy applies in the interview itself, too. If you and the interviewer both went to the same school, grea t! You have an in to talk about the football team during the small-talk portion. But if you just recite personal facts you gleaned from social networks, it may make you look aggressive or obsessive.Research your potential job title at the company.Even if you don’t have specific names from the place where you’re interviewing, you can easily search for more generic information. Try typing in â€Å"[company name] + [job title]† to see if there’s any information floating around about the specific job- that might turn up information at sites like Salary.com and similar review websites. This could also help later, if you receive a job offer: it can give you a frame of reference for salary or benefit negotiations.Know the company’s mission.This type of information is often readily available on the company’s own website. Knowing their stated core values puts an answer in your back pocket if the interviewer asks, â€Å"What drew you to this company? † or â€Å"What do you already know about this company?† If you can smoothly say, â€Å"Like Company X, I also fully support providing organic snacks to baby seals,† without missing a beat, it’ll emphasize you can fit well in the company’s culture.The more information you have before you ever set foot in the interview, the better off you’ll be. After all, they’re not just evaluating you and your specific skills, but also you as a potential team member and ambassador for the company.

Idiot box essays

Idiot box essays In the article titled Television Addiction, Marie Winn argues that TV viewing is comparable to alcoholism and drug addiction in terms of its negative effects on human behavior. Winn states that when one thinks about an addiction to drugs or alcohol, he frequently focuses on the negative aspects, ignoring the pleasures that accompany drinking or drug taking. She points out that an addict craves an experience and yet one is never really satisfied. Winn asserts that an addict leads a distorted, damaged, narrowed and dehumanized life. Winn opines that television viewing is similar to serious addictions like alcoholism and drug consumption. She discloses that watching television allows one to escape from the real world and enter into a pleasurable and passive mental state. She maintains that television programs prompt one to put off worries and anxieties, just like drugs and alcohol. People overestimate their control over television watching, says the author. Winn discloses that one is living in a holding pattern that she describes as a passing activity that hinders growth or development or a sense of accomplishment. She suggests that people know that television viewing is an unproductive experience that renders other experiences vague. Winn says that television viewing distorts ones sense of time and weakens relationships. She concedes that television programs dont satisfy and thus one finds that one cannot stop watching them. Winn cites a college English instructor, who comments, As I reach out to turn off the set, the strength goes out of my arms. So I sit there for hours and hours. Before diagnosing or analyzing the effect of television has on society, a certain position has to be taken on whether or not that correlation is positive or negative. On the one hand, television can teach and amuse; it can reach aesthetic heights; it can provide much need ...

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 40

Ethics - Essay Example 2. In this case scenario, a follower of moral pluralism would put into consideration various moral perspectives before deciding whether or not to help Hitler get out of the water; ultimately, the follower of moral pluralism would not help Hitler because not helping him is in conformity with many moral perspectives. On the other hand, a follower of Kantian deontology would help Hitler because failure to help him to get out of the water is tantamount to treating him not as end in itself, but rather as a mean to some end. 3. The main difference between ethics of care and other ethical theories is that, unlike other ethical theories that emphasize on application of universal principles in overcoming moral dilemmas, ethics of care advocates for consideration of the particular action committed and the circumstances under which the action was performed in determining the morality of an action. Ethics of care hold that application of universal ethical principles in solving ethical conflicts can lead to moral indifference in some circumstances. Ethics of care advocates for focus on the best way to respond in solving moral dilemmas. 4. Sartre claims that any explanation that deflects one’s complete responsibility is an example in bad faith. This is because an authentic moral agent for Sartre is a person who acts in freedom. Freedom and authenticity are key in Sartre’s ethical worldview. Freedom for Sartre means the ability for self-determination, while authenticity means the ability to be genuine in one’s actions. For Sartre, an authentic moral agent is free to genuinely make his moral decisions. Sartre’s authentic moral agent is different from Kantian ideal moral agent because, for Kant, ideal moral agent is a person who is restricted by the prevailing rules and regulations; Kant’s ideal agent is not free in his moral decisions. 5. An emotivist philosopher would lodge the following critique against the Rossian Pluralism: the Rossian

American History Since 1900 assignment four Essay

American History Since 1900 assignment four - Essay Example This of course leads to abuses against due process that is guaranteed in the constitution. The idea that someone is innocent until proven guilty was perverted by the weight of congressional hearings during the McCarthy Era. If a person chose to refuse to incriminate himself or herself by claiming their 5th amendment rights, they would be viewed as guilty. On the other hand, if they chose to testify on their own behalf, then they could be forced to incriminate others. This placed citizens accused of un-American activities in an unjust situation. One Hollywood personality that chose to testify was Edward Dmytryk. He naively thought that if he testified, the public would back him and the left-leaning friends he had would come to his rescue. He attempted to testify and he was made to appear guilty. He lost many friends and his job as a result. Lillian Hillman refused to testify by invoking her 5th amendment rights. Many thought this would only serve to make her appear guilty, but she rep orts hearing individuals in the audience making positive comments about her willingness to stand-up to the congressional committee. Vietnam was another country in Asia that was under pressure to become a Communist country. President Kennedy described the countries falling in Asia as dominoes. If one falls then another will follow. America tried to create a government in the south to withstand Communist pressure from the north. This failed so the United States chose to escalate the war through a campaign of bombing. Ground troops were added but proved largely ineffective. America divided between supporters and protestors of the war in Vietnam. President Nixon finally got the Vietcong to come to the peace table. The war was a defeat for America. With the election of President Reagan in 1980, America took a large turn towards becoming a more conservative nation. President Reagan worked hard to incorporate a new conservative agenda into domestic policy. Government funding of abortions t hrough Medicaid was banned. Many gains for gays and lesbians at the local lever were overturned and the overall size of government was reduced. Taxes were cut because Reagan believed that free enterprise was the best way to grow an economy. Spending on the military was increased in an effort to out-produce the Soviet Union. This resulted in the Soviet Union failing eventually, but also made government deficits. Richard Nixon’s political strategy reflected the racial and radicalism of his era in several ways. He ran on a strong platform of law and order. He wanted to show America that the hippies and their kind were actually the minority of people in America, not the majority. The complete chaos created by rioting minorities in urban areas and the debacle of the Democratic convention in Chicago played into Nixon’s hand. Many Americans actually expressed their view that the students at Kent State deserved to get shot. This need for law and order is what Nixon was able to tap into. He was easily elected as President. The main causes of the Watergate Scandal were the illegal and unethical methods that the Nixon administration were employing to find out about their Democratic challenger’s strategy. They hired individuals to steal secrets and the thieves were caught. What added to the scandal was the fact that Nixon denied that

Personal goal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal goal - Essay Example Examination of such goals in the light of changing global dynamics can allow one to be prepared for future challenges. My personal goal is to become an educator in near future. The reason for selecting this field is its continuous innovation and evolution. Where becoming an educator requires one to remain upbeat with recent advancements in given field of study but also keep one’s skills inventory updated according to new inventions in the field of education. With advent of new technology, emphasis on second language learning and also changed educational regimes supported by changes in government policies, teachers are required to be highly skilled. Being skilled does not only means having command over the subject matter but also having capacity and capability of meeting individual students’ needs in a whole class. Furthermore, technological interventions have completely transformed the landscape of classrooms in past decade or so. Mobile lectures, online coaching and ex aminations are common tools used by instructors today. It is important to note that this scenario is highly different than what existed in schools some ten years back. In addition to that, government policies like no child left behind, no discrimination and care for vulnerable students has also increased the importance of educators. Today, educators are not only source of knowledge but they are also guardians and mentors of their students. This multi-faceted role increases further when global dynamics get involved. Universities, schools and colleges cater to students from different nationalities, cultural groups and religions. Such amalgamation of cultural and social values cannot be dealt with a uniform approach. Therefore, it is important that educators are culturally sensitive and neutral while dealing with such students (Burbules and Torres 23). In addition to that, there are also substitute replacement programs where educators from different countries serve in educational insti tutes across the border. Such robust environment requires educators to remain aware of advancement in their fields and adapt to changing environments, furthermore it is also important to have an ability of handling audience comprising of different demographic characteristics. Where I am well-aware of the requirement of global environment in education sector, I see myself progressing from a role of teacher to a researcher and published author in the given field. This role would be accompanied by continuation of the role of educator at senior level i.e. professor or lecturer in a reputed institute. I would also like to be part of curriculum designing in coming ten years. I am aware of the fact that due to changing global dynamics and interchangeable cultural, social and technological characteristics of educational sector, the concepts of lifelong learning will not apply to students but also to teachers as well. Therefore, I am willing to learn teaching techniques that would be require d in a global learning environment. Awareness of impacts of globalization on my personal and professional goals has enabled me to be prepared for future challenges. Due to information communication and technology (ICT) along with multiculturalism is the global curriculum, teachers are under a greater burden to adopt uniform educational techniques

How consumers react to print advertisements on second hand cars that Research Paper

How consumers react to print advertisements on second hand cars that have been labeled as offensive - Research Paper Example The two print advertisements that received the most negative perceptions both contained sexually-oriented body images. The survey also found that advertising perceptions had a significant impact on consumers’ intentions to reject the products and the brands. Introduction Various companies have been using different ways of promoting their products and increasing sales. This will enable them to fulfill the business objectives i.e. profit maximization and maximization of shareholders wealth. One way of creating this product mix is advertising. Advertising is a public promotion of some product or service with the aim of drawing attention and in the process, persuade potential consumers to buy the product or service. Offensive advertisement has been supported by some while others have elicited a lot of controversy. The supporters argue that the world needs controversial adverts because they are usually more creative and therefore easy to remember. Problem Statement This research wa s motivated to take an in-depth look at the adverts that have been regarded as offensive and how it affects the society. With firms increasingly using advertising as a way of boosting sales, there needs to be a way to monitor and give views on what these firms present to the society. Some adverts are educative and very informative but others are offensive and tend to be racist, degrading to women or just insulting. Scope This research will only focus on the offensive ads in the media that have elicited controversy. But the research was conducted on the used cars advert, which features a blonde woman posing seductively. The report will be aimed at establishing views on the morality and sense of such advertisement being aired and printed on papers. The rest of the report... The research looked at the effects of offensive advertising featured by Dale Wurfel Used vehicles on the consumers. The results of the study were mixed. It was expected that the respondents would perceive the advertisements more negatively this was only partly the case. Some considered the ads more often offensive, uncomfortable, disgusting and impolite while others judged them to be more irritating and ridiculous. It seems, however to suggest that consumers are more likely to appreciate the creative elements in the potentially offensive advertisements. Other consumers, however, are likely to appreciate the informative elements in the potentially offensive advertisements. The survey also demonstrates that advertisers in have to be careful when using potentially offensive advertisements. Results indicate that the more negative the ads are perceived, the higher the likelihood of rejecting the products and the brands. This was especially true for some respondents, who showed a significa nt higher tendency to reject the products and the brands. The less creative/appealing the ad was the higher the likelihood of rejecting the products and the brands. The â€Å"creative/appealing† factor was the most important factor to explain and predict the rejection of the products and the brands. To conclude, the survey provides evidence that different consumers in the two cultures react differently to offensive print advertising of a limited type of offensiveness.

You decide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

You decide - Essay Example Life is really complicated and we need to understand our aim and to do that we need to sit down and introspect. Many a time we come across situations in life where we have to make difficult choices and these difficult choices also decide our future, this poem is all about choosing the road which is less travelled, it also goes to show the courage of the poet who decides to take a path which is less travelled and there is a possibility of him getting lost but he is brave enough to try something different from others. This is what life is all about, we must be brave enough to trot a path less travelled, it may prove to be a wrong decision or it may prove to be a right decision, it is all about making choices when you are at the crossroads, this is what the poem is all about. At the very end the poet ponders over his choice, his life would have been much different had he taken the other road and this is very true. Our life would also be different had we made different decisions and had we taken the road less travelled, life is all about making the right, the most successful people often make the right choices. The poem has hidden meaning in it; the literal meaning of the poem is very easy to understand. A traveler reaches a fork in the road and is discombobulated because the road shows the traveler two choices, the traveler after much thinking, chooses the road less travelled by people. The figurative meaning of the poem reflects upon the choices that we make in our lives. We can either choose a road which is very frequently chosen by other people or we can choose to walk on a road which is hardly chosen by other people. After making our choice, we would always have regrets because the road not taken would always force us to think about the endless possibilities. This is what the poem is all about and this poem is really popular, Robert Frost became a household name because of this poem. Antithesis is quite conspicuous in the poem, the traveler has to

How consumers react to print advertisements on second hand cars that Research Paper

How consumers react to print advertisements on second hand cars that have been labeled as offensive - Research Paper Example The two print advertisements that received the most negative perceptions both contained sexually-oriented body images. The survey also found that advertising perceptions had a significant impact on consumers’ intentions to reject the products and the brands. Introduction Various companies have been using different ways of promoting their products and increasing sales. This will enable them to fulfill the business objectives i.e. profit maximization and maximization of shareholders wealth. One way of creating this product mix is advertising. Advertising is a public promotion of some product or service with the aim of drawing attention and in the process, persuade potential consumers to buy the product or service. Offensive advertisement has been supported by some while others have elicited a lot of controversy. The supporters argue that the world needs controversial adverts because they are usually more creative and therefore easy to remember. Problem Statement This research wa s motivated to take an in-depth look at the adverts that have been regarded as offensive and how it affects the society. With firms increasingly using advertising as a way of boosting sales, there needs to be a way to monitor and give views on what these firms present to the society. Some adverts are educative and very informative but others are offensive and tend to be racist, degrading to women or just insulting. Scope This research will only focus on the offensive ads in the media that have elicited controversy. But the research was conducted on the used cars advert, which features a blonde woman posing seductively. The report will be aimed at establishing views on the morality and sense of such advertisement being aired and printed on papers. The rest of the report... The research looked at the effects of offensive advertising featured by Dale Wurfel Used vehicles on the consumers. The results of the study were mixed. It was expected that the respondents would perceive the advertisements more negatively this was only partly the case. Some considered the ads more often offensive, uncomfortable, disgusting and impolite while others judged them to be more irritating and ridiculous. It seems, however to suggest that consumers are more likely to appreciate the creative elements in the potentially offensive advertisements. Other consumers, however, are likely to appreciate the informative elements in the potentially offensive advertisements. The survey also demonstrates that advertisers in have to be careful when using potentially offensive advertisements. Results indicate that the more negative the ads are perceived, the higher the likelihood of rejecting the products and the brands. This was especially true for some respondents, who showed a significa nt higher tendency to reject the products and the brands. The less creative/appealing the ad was the higher the likelihood of rejecting the products and the brands. The â€Å"creative/appealing† factor was the most important factor to explain and predict the rejection of the products and the brands. To conclude, the survey provides evidence that different consumers in the two cultures react differently to offensive print advertising of a limited type of offensiveness.

Article summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Article summary - Essay Example The author argues that Moliere satirizes both the protagonist and the society that he is a part of, seeking to bring in an element of moderation in reform (Rudin, 309). According to Rudin, the argument that Rousseau put forward indicated the ineptness of the critique of the protagonist in so much so that he appeared to be, at the end, at one with very society that he was critiquing. Apart from this, he appeared to be, right from the beginning, a caricature of an extreme form of idealism that was the subject of the comedy that the audience is supposed to laugh at. The Comedy of Manners is something that he becomes a part of through the laughter that he evokes (Rudin, 311). There are however, according to Rudin, devices, in the form of characters and otherwise, that Moliere employs so as to make the play a critique of both the society and the protagonist. Through these devices, the author is able to propose a middle path that would lead to a society that could then probably not be as dishonest and materialistic as the one that the plays talks of. The foils in the play, Philinte and Eliante are two devices that the playwright uses for the purpose of showing how it is possible to lead a life that is not entirely at odds with the society but also in accordance with certain rules of it. Eliante leads a life that is unacceptable to the protagonist, Alceste. However, he is in love with her and this love reveals an opportunity for his moving back to the society (Rudin, 312). Rudin points to the fact that for different eras, the way Alceste is perceived has been different and for the people of Moliere’s era, he was looked upon as a funny caricature while he was looked at as a hero who fought against the entire world of vice, by the Romantics (like Rousseau). He advocates a mixed response that may be possible for contemporary critics and viewers of the

Someone who inspires me Essay Example for Free

Someone who inspires me Essay There are always the people in our lives that can be the heroes in many ways, but my life’s hero will always be my mom. She influences my life since I born until now and also sacrifice a lot in her lifetime to make my life and my sibling’s lives better. She love us unconditionally, I have become the person I am today because of her. I adore her very much, not just because she is my mom, also such an amazing person with a gold heart, my best friend for life, an advisor, kind, respectful and strong person. I am not her only children, I have a big sister and a little brother but I am my mom’s favorite children. My mom taught me how to be kind and loving but not to allow others to take my kindness for weakness, also to dream big and work hard to make those dreams a reality. Her life inspires me with confidence and great motivation on the road to success. Most of my mothers life is full of misfortunes and unexpected troubles. She lost her parents when she was 5 years old and has been raised with her aunt, she went through a lot I her childhood. However, the way that she faces with them resiliently and strongly makes her really become a hero of my life. I found that I am her favorite kid, when I was 5 old years, I begged her to take me to my Godmother, then she said; No, I don’t have time to take you there. I didn’t like her answer at all, and the next day I went to school, it was Friday but I didn’t come back home. I told my Godmother’s sister, who was 15 old years that my mom told me to go with you after class and to spend the weekend to your house. She could not think twice and she said, No problem, I will take you with me after class then. She took me with her and when our maid came to take me home after class, she could not find me. She went back home crying because she was scary and called my mom’s office to let her know what happened. My mom could not imagine that her daughter missing and she started crying and saying how she can’t live without me and took a day off right away and called for help from family members, friends and neighbors but nobody could find me, because my godmother never cross her mind that time. The worse part of her daughter been missing, my dad was out of country for job mission. The next day, my uncle announced me through the radio and my godmother that moment she was listening to a radio and found out that I lied to her sister and she took me back to my house. Seeing my mom crying was a pain for me, I cried deeply and apologized. She smiled at me and told me, I forgive you but do not do that again. She has a kindly heart to tolerate my mistakes, and she gives me endless love but asks for nothing in return. When I won the lottery (The green card)to come in United of states, I told my sister that I don’t want to leave my country because I don’t see myself living far from where my mom live. My sister told her, but I did not know that she did. That day I went to my friend’s house party and my mom came to pick me up. When mom was driving home, she saw me look incredibly down; I couldn’t imagine leaving everybody and everything, to me that was difficulty solution to make. She smiled at me and she said, Tomorrow depends on what you are doing today I pretended to be fine, and I said: I am ok, and she said: â€Å"It is a good opportunity for you, stop thinking a lot about leaving us. Everything is going to be alright. I promise! Once you get there just focus on school more than anything else and stay mom’s favorite daughter she encouraged me to be strong and to let God guide you. † That was amazing advices I got from her and when I feel down, her strength and power inspire me to overcome difficulties. I have promise myself to become a strong successful person as my mother wish.

Classroom Behaviour Policy Analysis

Classroom Behaviour Policy Analysis This paper will critically review a Primary schools behaviour policy and practice. In addition, it will address the topic of class room behaviour and how improving this may benefit pupils. Furthermore, how can teachers pre-empt misbehaviour moreover, how can teachers approach the issues of misbehaviour. Furthermore, different theories will be investigated to compare to those being used within the setting. In addition, differences and similarities of global interventional approaches will be investigated. In the conclusion of answering the above questions, a summary will be made to indicate how inclusive learning can be implemented within the classroom environment as well as the role of the educator in these situations. The aims of the policy state that the values and beliefs of the behaviour policy within the workplace suggest that all pupils are encouraged and responsible in displaying appropriate patterns of behaviour and standards of discipline are equal to these patterns. This is accomplished through paradigm, of positive praise and rewards as well as sanctions.ÂÂ  Furthermore, the rationale indicates that it is clear, consistently applied and enforced by all members of staff as a whole setting and community working together. However, the word appropriate is used throughout the policy; no explanation is suggested to the meaning of this vocabulary used within this policy. Furthermore, within this policy which is outdated, only implies what the major offences are and the sanctions that apply to this unacceptable behaviour. This seems to be displaying a negative approach to the dealing with behaviour and therefore not highlighting other unacceptable behaviours that can be displayed by pupils. Within the Primary educational setting rules and procedures are in place for all staff members alike. All staff members are expected that they model correct behaviour by using body language, actions and correct manners of addressing pupils within the class. Each class throughout the setting has class rules as well as whole school rule Golden Rules. These are displayed around the school and visible for all pupils and staff alike. As a result, everyone concerned within the setting should work together and therefore no one should be isolated allowing for full inclusion and a consistent approach. Conversely, this is not the case within practice. This is due the different tolerances of staff members combined with the class rules as these can be seen to give the pupils extra opportunities to display unacceptable behaviour of which is only list half way through the policy (major offences). Furthermore, not all staff although agreed by all staff at the time of publishing follow the discipline procedures therefore, consistence is not obtained by all allowing a weak link and lack of understanding and confusion within the views of some of the pupils (Independent Work Based Research Task 1) Although the WBRT was limited there still seemed to be an underlying issue of what is acceptable behaviour and questions were asked by the pupils regarding why pupils are treated differently although they have displayed the same inappropriate behaviour in accordance with the school rules. Moreover, the pupils indicated that the teaching staff members were inconsistent and did not all use the same strategies. In addition, it has been noted that the use of sanctions seem to be labelled ineffective as staff did not use the sanctions consonantly as stated by one child. The teacher says things and then do not remember to give us punishments so we get away with the bad things we do. Child A Therefore, the rules, sanctions and rewards only work if the consistence remains, (Human Resource Management, Manufacturing Strategy, and Firm Performance Mark A. Youndt, Scott A. Snell, James W. Dean, Jr. and David P. Lepak The Academy of Management Journal Vol. 39, No. 4 (Aug., 1996), pp. 836-866) moreover fully applied at all times by all members of staff. Furthermore, the use of reinforcement together with role modeling and rewards of value to the pupils is essential to behaviour management. A wide range of rewards for positive behaviour can be seen within the policy may imply good practice and inclusion towards both genders yet, can not be seen within practice. For that reason, it may be suggested that the policy is out dated and not in context of the working setting, this is due to the delivery of the sanctions and they are not applied fairly and consistently by all staff. However, planning about behaviour improvement is informed by in house training and the use of statistics and theory to ensure the policy system identifies which matters should be dealt with by classroom teachers and those which require referral to a more senior member of staff. Controversially, numbers of poorly behaved pupils has reduced in numbers, of pupils visiting the Senior Management Team (SMT) in the last twelve months. Indicating higher levels of praise maybe being used to motivate and encourage pupils within the classroom environment. At the same time, pupils are aware of sanctions that will be applied for poor behaviour and what poor behaviour is within the setting as a larger number of classrooms are now displaying behaviour management tips as well as suggestions to support pupils in behaving in the manner that is required within the setting suggested within Steer Report (2005) together with the teachings of Social Emotional Aspects of Learning (SEAL, accessed 2010). He also said that To enable the most vulnerable or disengaged children to gain full benefit from strategies in behaviour management, schools need the capacity to provide high quality support to the child and to the parents. Without that capacity schools will be unable to meet the aspirations contained within the Childrens Plan. In undertaking the making of the behaviour policy the school should have reflected on the ten aspects of school practice which should be effective, and contribute to the good quality of pupil behaviour and guidelines on how this maybe achieved through the use of positive praise and role modelling. Up until 1988 stood no national policy to state what educators should include within the services they provided (Pugh, 1988). However, nine years later the policy agenda stated that all should be entitle to an education of a high standard; this should include positive role models in behaviour. A consistent approach to behaviour management, teaching and learning need to be in place for all staff member including the school leadership team (Senor Management Team, SMT). Achieving this allows classroom management, learning and teaching to be equally effective when using rewards and sanctions together with behaviour strategies and the teaching of good behaviour displayed by all staff members. In order to achieve this staff should receive regular training and personal development and support to keep in line with Government legislation. This maybe why the numbers of major offences have lowered, suggesting it has taken time to implement the policy and for all including staff to adhere to and practice the strategies needed to achieve the desired outcome of positive behaviour management. Furthermore, pupil support systems such as behaviour mentors working together with the Special Educational Needs Co-ordinator (SENCO) within the school, are having a positive effect also. However, it can be seen within practice that they have different strategies in dealing with behavioural issues. Nonetheless, liaison with parents and other agencies is paramount alongside the managing of pupil transition within the setting whether it maybe into a different class, new teacher or indeed a new school as a result of moving to the area. Pedagogy states that practitioners draw on a range of working theories as well as their own experiences on how children learn and how their teaching can support learning. The underpinning Strategies guidance and advice service share this common understanding whilst indicating and ensuring behaviour management can produce a better continuity and progression at all stages of learning for pupils and staff alike. One theory based on the individual psychology of Adler titled Psycho Educational Theory (Watts Critelli, 1997) attempts to promote positive behaviour. The fundamental belief of this theory is that it ultimately establishes the behavioural patterns of an individual (Arthur, Et al 2006). The theory is based upon positive behaviour promotions through development of self beliefs; therefore, can only change once the negative beliefs become positive beliefs (Arthur et al, 2006). Encouraging pupils to promote positive behaviour can also be achieved by allowing pupils and young people to feel they are valued as individuals within the learning environment (Arthur, et al., 2006). However, this is multi part process; the first enabling pupils to negotiate class rules with clear outcomes. The second part is to develop conflicting resolution techniques. The third part is encouragement aimed at all pupils allowing them to feel valued. Finally, self satisfaction within the pupil, this should be achieved through an individualized plan to meet the needs of each student (Arthur, et al., 2006). However, Curwin and Mendler (1999) would suggest a model of responsibility. The model proposes, welcoming warm environments, clearly defined rules and encouraging conflict resolution skills found within the National Curriculum (2000) within the subject of Personal Social Health Education (PSHE) to be a positive way forward in addressing these issues within the Primary school environment. ÂÂ  Curwin and Mendler (1999) suggest that this is a more difficult strategy and is more time consuming to implement, although believe it to be a worthy strategy as it seems to be more effective with higher achievers. Furthermore, lower achievers respond in a similar way to the higher achievers. Classroom management involving, interactive teaching and the use of cooperative methods of learning enables greater expectations for inclusion moreover, less serious misbehavior as measured by suspensions and expulsions from school. Observational learning is yet another theory which can be implemented to encourage positive behaviour. Practitioners model acceptable behaviour at all times, this is seen to be good practice Kauffman, Et al (2006). Pupils receiving rewards in front of others for acceptable behaviour may also increase the desired behaviour. This can be seen within the enquiry school as within the pupils receiving rewards within class.ÂÂ   In addition, this technique may be effective when minor misbehaviour is evident; one strategy is that an educator can ignore the misbehaviour and therefore, rewarding others for their acceptable behaviour may distract the misbehaving pupil (Kauffman et al., 2006). The final theory for promoting positive behaviour is Rewards Theory (Bandura, 2008), by offering students rewards for positive behaviour, such as table points, house points, raffle tickets or stickers which can be collected (Akin-Little, et al 2004). This theory is evident within the Primary schools behaviour policy as well as practice this is indicated within Independent WBRT Rewards and Sanctions. Where pupils are awarded points which, when totaled, allows them to exchange them for goods in increasing value depending on the amount obtained each term. However, this indicated that the use of this form of reward that collecting some form of token in order to exchange for goods in increasing values appealed to learn and motivated them 70% of pupils to try harder. The other 30% stated that they felt that they learnt and really had no interest in the rewards as the reward they strived for was to gain a good job to support them later in life therefore it was irrelevant. This maybe as the school is situated within a deprived area with a high number of parents whom are illiterate and living on low incomes in this form of society this is common. Furthermore, Ofsted (2009) have recognized this within the inspection report, although they stated; This larger-than-average school is the result of the recent amalgamation and therefore newly built nursery, is included in the schools Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) provision, moreover, is managed by the schools governing body. The majority of pupils are from White British backgrounds. The percentage of pupils eligible for free school meals is well above average. The proportion of pupils with learning difficulties and/or disabilities in well above the national average and includes those with speech and language, emotional and social, and moderate learning difficulties. (Ofsted, 2009) Furthermore went on to state that the pupils behaved well. And provide good quality, relevant extended services and good support, which underpin its work with parents and pupils. Controversially, this does not enthuse all pupils to behaviour in a manner which is deemed acceptable within the classroom environment and therefore other strategy would be put in place of this, following the old documentation Every Child Matters (2009) as treating the children as individuals. However, studies show positive results if this strategy is used correctly as Akin-Little et al (2004) suggested. An overall view is that educators can prevent unacceptable behaviour by raising positive behaviour standards which in turn may assist in reducing misbehaviour as indicated by Moore, Anderson and Kumar (2005). In addition, it maybe that some behaviour can be interpreted as misbehaviour can actually be escape behaviour as pupils may have had confrontation during a period of playtime or indeed before they have entered the school grounds with situations involving parents. If this is not dealt with first then the child may react in this way. However, another cause of unacceptable behaviour maybe that the work set is not set at the correct level and therefore does not engage to pupil moreover misbehaves to avoid the task. Within practice of the workplace Family Liaison Officers (FLO) are available to inform teaching staff of any changes that may affect pupils learning in any form and therefore, can place pupils with the correct strategies in order for them to remain in society and school with full inclusion. Simply by using the extinction theory and therefore, removing any reward or reinforcement, the pupils was receiving for the undesirable behaviour will also obtain the desired behaviour. Response cost punishment is another behaviourism strategy- used within workplace at playtime behaviour this results in the loss of an event or task which is of interest to them, for example a Golden time, free play and even football pitch allowance. Finally, all pupils can be fully included regardless of which strategies are put into place within any educational setting, if theories such as psycho educational and goal-centered theories were in place. This would support individuals needs enabling the pupils to reach their full potential. Greenspan (2005) supports this factor to create an inclusive classroom and therefore would lead to the staff creating the correct environment for pupils to learn at their fully potential. Topping (1983) would agree in suggesting that it is only the consistency in these intervention strategies that modify behaviour and therefore support behaviour management. This could be achieved by providing children with opportunities and pro-social skills that allow them some control over their environment, especially during particularly stressful periods in their lives. Examples include opportunities to master new skills (e.g. in sports or the arts), to work with others on creative projects, and academic situations in which they can make choices for themselves.ÂÂ  However, this can lead to other pupils not reaching their full potential in learning due to unacceptable behaviour of pupils within the same classroom environment as observed within Independent WBRT Rewards and Sanctions that when a child misbehaves in class and the teacher does nothing shows positive behaviour management it can stop pupils from working as they seem not to have been given strategies to deal with distractions within this environment. This is where it would be good practice to follow the policy and give positive behaviour management moreover, be consistent and parents a nd careers need to be informed. As within the policy and believes of the school parents and careers are deemed an important aspect of the school and the childs achievements. Therefore, the enquiry school works and engages with the local community and families to support learning, children tend to succeed not just in school, but throughout life when this takes place. This is seen to be a fundamental approach which aids in lowering unacceptable behaviour. The role of parents and careers is essential in assisting schools in achieving standards of behaviour. They have a duty to take responsibility for the behaviour of their own child and support the schools decisions in dealing with unacceptable behaviour. However this sometimes can be difficult when fighting against parents who do not support this. Therefore, many schools may have in place a parenting contract (Department of Education, 2010). This is an agreement between the parent or career and the school about the child. This can be seen as a punishment, but really it should be seen as a way of working together to help the child. For example this may occur if your child has been excluded for several short periods of time, as a preventive measure of full exclusion therefore, this can be deemed as an intervention to enhance inclusion of a child to prevent a court hearing. However, by working alongside parents and careers as within the work place by offering parenting skills programmes and support for parents who divorce, who are unemployment moreover other stressful negative events that can disrupt their parenting skills. Approaches within the United Kingdom are different at the same time similar to other countries. It can be suggested that many countries seem to deal with unacceptable behaviour before it occurs with intervention programmes. However, studies state this is dependant on the commitment of the staff (Roland, 2000). Controversially, in Hong Kong suspensions and calling of parents is deemed as ineffective and therefore, adopt strategies such as supporting students in developing self-competency, social skills, and good relationships with parents as well as teachers seems to be a useful, very much like the teaching of SEAL (2010), Restorative Justice moreover, Personal Social Health Education (PHSE) in the UK. Typically have strict codes of discipline and the majority of schools adhere to Demerit Points System which is a record of student offences in disciplinary areas within education, and sometimes comments from tutors on whether he or she can graduate. Three points of minor poor behaviour will result in it becoming one major offence any student has accrued three or more major offences, he or she is automatically suspended from school. The point system can be carried forward to later in life and therefore jeopardize future career prospects for that pupil. Within the USA two approaches seem to be used as whole school approaches to address behavioural discipline. School Wide Positive Behavioural Supports (SWPBS), which is an approach to communicate and teach rules (and reward students for following them) and function-based behavioral interventions Horner, et al, (2005) Social Emotional Learning (SEL), the American SEAL from which our derived incorporates approaches that emphasize self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship skills, and responsible decision making (Osher et al,2008, Watson, 2003). These two approaches differ in their primary aims-developing systems to manage student behaviour against developing student self-discipline. These differences are consistent with the difference commonly made between teacher-centered and student-centered approaches to learning and classroom management (Freiburg, 1999). Discipline, in teacher-centered approaches, the main focus is on external school rules and the use of behavioral strategies, especially positive reinforcement and punishment (Skinner, 2002), to manage student behavior. In student-centered approaches, the main focus develops on the students capacities to control behavior, engaging, and trusting relationships. Whereas, SWPBS programs are teacher centered, SEL (American) programs are child centered. Yet, still, the two approaches are very similar: In addition, both highlight preventions regarding unacceptable behaviours as well as the promoting behavioral and social competencies in positive manners therefore decreasing neg ative, unwanted behaviour (Sprague Golly, 2004). SWPBS is not an original approach as many theories and strategies have be combined however, started from the theory of Skinner, (2002). Furthermore, research indicates that schools can gain clear expectations for learning and positive behaviour whilst encouraging a firm but fair discipline procedure through policy and practice (Mayer, 1995). Whereas, SEL is aimed at developing individual qualities, strengths, and social, emotional, cognitive, moreover moral development therefore increasing positive mental health (Berkowitz, Sherblom et al, 2006). A common feature within both strategies is an authoritative approach within classroom management and a whole school discipline approach on supporting teacher-student relationships and student ownership of learning with the use of rewards and sanction in preventing and correcting behaviour problems, which is evident within the workplace through practice however, is unclear within the Behaviour Policy (2008). If unacceptable behaviour continues parents are contacted and the issues discussed, in following LEA guidelines the Head teacher may decide that a childs behaviour, over a period of time, or after a particular isolated incident represents a threat to health and safety standards in the educational setting, or to the educational progress of other pupils in the school. The child may be excluded from school for a temporary period, or permanently. Controversially, WBRT C indicates that within the history of education the tackling of negative behaviour was achieved in schools by the use of corporal punishment. While a child was in school, a teacher took over the role of a parent, (as we still do today but not in such as harsh way) allowing the delivery discipline or rewards. In practice this meant that students were punished with the physical punishment such as the cane, paddle or strap if they misbehaved. The use of corporal punishment within educational settings has now disappeared from most Western countries, including all European countries. However, mainstream schools in most other countries take non-corporal approaches to misbehaviour through the means of detention and suspension. As within the setting the focus seems in practice to be more about promoting positive behaviour through reward systems and the use of policies having been introduced to support this. In addition, intervention programs such as Social Emotional Aspects of Learning (SEAL, 2010) have been brought into Primary as well as Secondary schools to help lower the unacceptable behaviour moreover the amount of exclusions happening within these settings. Inclusion programs such as Youth Inclusion Program (2000, YIP) can clearly be seen to be in place throughout the UK and having a positive affect on pupils of many different backgrounds. This is due to the cohesion of the community approach within the schools working with parents and outside agencies to support this issue of unacceptable or antisocial behaviour. The reasons for changing the behavioural approach is due to the well being of individuals by regaining well-being the ability to function productively in the society can be obtained.ÂÂ  In addition, this can lower the mental health issues that may occur later in life. Within the work place many strategies can be seen to promote positive behaviour some include; Curwin and Mendler (1999) who would suggest a model of responsibility and the Rewards Theory (Bandura, 1994, cited in Huprich, S, 2008). In conclusion, it can be suggested that a whole school approach is needed in order for the behaviour management to be effective. In achieving this it is necessary to work closely with parent and careers in dealing with poor behaviour that affects other from their learning and reaching the childs full potential. By address issues and setting clear sanctions and rewards and reminding the pupils on a regular basis enables intervention programs to work effectively. However, this can only be achieved if the role modeling is positive and effective teaching is also in place. Therefore, schools can play an important role in preventing problem behaviour, particularly when other parts of the community also become involved in prevention efforts. Many of the factors that increase a childs risk for developing behaviour problems affect their behaviour in school and their academic presentations. Social and academic problems in school in turn make it even more likely that early problems will persist and become worse later in life. A number of approaches are useful and therefore used for reducing negative behaviour and preventing problems later within schooling as well as adolescent years. Many of these involve school programs such as SEAL (2010) celebrating positive achievement by working together with families, careers and community members, to reduce the negativity moreover, increase involvement in positive activities that will improve their life skills.

Perceptions of War :: Violence Fighting War Essays

Perceptions of War One of the most interesting conflicts of perception, in my mind, is that of opposing soldiers in war. The outlook on World War II, from an American soldiers point of view, was vastly different than that of a German soldier. Both felt very strongly, that they were the righteous. This is hard for me to compare, seeing as I did not experience the events, but I will compare both points of view as accurately as I can. First of all, there is, and always has been a certain subliminal motivation, for American men to join the military. We are raised on stories of our fathers heroics in battle. The need to prove ourselves in combat is ingrained in our minds, since the first time we played war with our friends, as children. Almost every generation in history has their war after all. I believe many American men felt this need during World War II, stronger than any other period in American history. The country had just begun to recover from the depression, and Americans wanted to reestablish a sense of National pride. Once Germany and Japan declared war on the U.S., men were flocking to recruitment offices. The new recruits saw Nazi Germany as the tyrant of the world. They felt it was their duty to protect the interests of the globe from the German invaders. The Nazi Regime was like the dragon that must be slain, and we were the enlightened knight, who’s sword would crash down upon the beast like the hammer of justice. After rumors of the ill treatment of Jews, reached the U.S., thousands of Jewish American men joined the military. They were motivated by the age old dispute of religion. They wanted to help their fellow Jews, and wreak revenge upon the evil Nazis. Once in the field the soldiers point of view was only solidified, by the cruel horrors of war. Politics faded away, and hatred for the enemy is spawned by the death of your comrades. This hatred is taken out, not on a single man, but on every German encountered. Stories from the front, of capture, torture and brutal fighting, scared and angered American troops. Germany’s highly advanced weaponry, and relentless defense of every town, bridge, and hill, did not help the psychological effects on the G.I.’s mind. Regardless of all the violence, chaos and hardship suffered by the American soldier, he still knew he was fighting against tyranny. Perceptions of War :: Violence Fighting War Essays Perceptions of War One of the most interesting conflicts of perception, in my mind, is that of opposing soldiers in war. The outlook on World War II, from an American soldiers point of view, was vastly different than that of a German soldier. Both felt very strongly, that they were the righteous. This is hard for me to compare, seeing as I did not experience the events, but I will compare both points of view as accurately as I can. First of all, there is, and always has been a certain subliminal motivation, for American men to join the military. We are raised on stories of our fathers heroics in battle. The need to prove ourselves in combat is ingrained in our minds, since the first time we played war with our friends, as children. Almost every generation in history has their war after all. I believe many American men felt this need during World War II, stronger than any other period in American history. The country had just begun to recover from the depression, and Americans wanted to reestablish a sense of National pride. Once Germany and Japan declared war on the U.S., men were flocking to recruitment offices. The new recruits saw Nazi Germany as the tyrant of the world. They felt it was their duty to protect the interests of the globe from the German invaders. The Nazi Regime was like the dragon that must be slain, and we were the enlightened knight, who’s sword would crash down upon the beast like the hammer of justice. After rumors of the ill treatment of Jews, reached the U.S., thousands of Jewish American men joined the military. They were motivated by the age old dispute of religion. They wanted to help their fellow Jews, and wreak revenge upon the evil Nazis. Once in the field the soldiers point of view was only solidified, by the cruel horrors of war. Politics faded away, and hatred for the enemy is spawned by the death of your comrades. This hatred is taken out, not on a single man, but on every German encountered. Stories from the front, of capture, torture and brutal fighting, scared and angered American troops. Germany’s highly advanced weaponry, and relentless defense of every town, bridge, and hill, did not help the psychological effects on the G.I.’s mind. Regardless of all the violence, chaos and hardship suffered by the American soldier, he still knew he was fighting against tyranny.

Vlad Dracula :: essays research papers

Yes, there was a real Dracula, and he was a true prince of darkness. He was Prince Vlad III Dracula, also known as Vlad Tepes, meaning "Vlad the Impaler." The Turks called him Kaziglu Bey, or "the Impaler Prince." He was the prince of Walachia, but, as legend suggests, he was born in Transylvania, which at that time was ruled by Hungary. Walachia was founded in 1290 by a Transylvanian named Radu Negru, or Rudolph the Black. It was dominated by Hungary until 1330, when it became independent. The first ruler of the new country was Prince Basarab the Great (1310-1352), an ancestor of Dracula. Dracula's grandfather, Prince Mircea the Old, reigned from 1386 to 1418. He participated in one too many losing battles against the Turks and was forced to pay tribute to them. He and his descendants continued to rule Walachia, but as vassals of the Ottoman empire. The throne of Walachia was not necessarily passed from father to son. The prince, or voivode, was elected by the country's boyars, or land-owning nobles. This caused fighting among family members, assassinations, and other unpleasantness. Eventually the House of Basarab was split into two factions - Mircea's descendants, and the descendants of another prince named Dan. Dan's descendants were called the Danesti. Mircea had an illegitimate son, Vlad, born around 1390, who was educated in Hungary and Germany. Vlad served as a page for King Sigismund of Hungary, who became the Holy Roman Emperor in 1410. Sigismund founded a secret fraternal order of knights called the Order of the Dragon to uphold Christianity and defend the empire against Turkey. Because of his bravery fighting Turks, Vlad was admitted to the Order, probably in 1431. The boyars started to call him Dracul, meaning "dragon." Vlad's second son would be known as Dracula, or "son of the dragon." Dracul also meant "devil." So Dracula's enemies, especially German Saxons, called him "son of the devil." Eventually Sigismund made Vlad the military governor of Transylvania, a post he held from 1431 to 1435. During that time he lived in the town of Sighisoara or Schassburg. You can still visit the citadel there and even the house where Vlad's son Dracula was born. Today there's a restaurant on the second floor. There's also a mural in the house that may depict Vlad Dracul. Young Dracula Dracula was born in November or December of 1431. His given name was Vlad. Vlad Dracula :: essays research papers Yes, there was a real Dracula, and he was a true prince of darkness. He was Prince Vlad III Dracula, also known as Vlad Tepes, meaning "Vlad the Impaler." The Turks called him Kaziglu Bey, or "the Impaler Prince." He was the prince of Walachia, but, as legend suggests, he was born in Transylvania, which at that time was ruled by Hungary. Walachia was founded in 1290 by a Transylvanian named Radu Negru, or Rudolph the Black. It was dominated by Hungary until 1330, when it became independent. The first ruler of the new country was Prince Basarab the Great (1310-1352), an ancestor of Dracula. Dracula's grandfather, Prince Mircea the Old, reigned from 1386 to 1418. He participated in one too many losing battles against the Turks and was forced to pay tribute to them. He and his descendants continued to rule Walachia, but as vassals of the Ottoman empire. The throne of Walachia was not necessarily passed from father to son. The prince, or voivode, was elected by the country's boyars, or land-owning nobles. This caused fighting among family members, assassinations, and other unpleasantness. Eventually the House of Basarab was split into two factions - Mircea's descendants, and the descendants of another prince named Dan. Dan's descendants were called the Danesti. Mircea had an illegitimate son, Vlad, born around 1390, who was educated in Hungary and Germany. Vlad served as a page for King Sigismund of Hungary, who became the Holy Roman Emperor in 1410. Sigismund founded a secret fraternal order of knights called the Order of the Dragon to uphold Christianity and defend the empire against Turkey. Because of his bravery fighting Turks, Vlad was admitted to the Order, probably in 1431. The boyars started to call him Dracul, meaning "dragon." Vlad's second son would be known as Dracula, or "son of the dragon." Dracul also meant "devil." So Dracula's enemies, especially German Saxons, called him "son of the devil." Eventually Sigismund made Vlad the military governor of Transylvania, a post he held from 1431 to 1435. During that time he lived in the town of Sighisoara or Schassburg. You can still visit the citadel there and even the house where Vlad's son Dracula was born. Today there's a restaurant on the second floor. There's also a mural in the house that may depict Vlad Dracul. Young Dracula Dracula was born in November or December of 1431. His given name was Vlad.

Administrative Role of Management

Managers are often tasked to lead segments of the organization. In certain cases, the manager serves as the overall leader of the organization. Usually, managers are tasked to take on certain administrative functions.The administrative role of managers usually refers to functions that will contribute to the best way by which the organization may be organized from an overall perspective. Such functions may include monitoring the other functions in the institution as well as coordination with other members of the organization.These are done in order to ensure that all tasks are directed towards achieving the goals of the organization. Administrative functions of managers make them more hands on. They are required to participate more in order to ensure that all actions taken are for the success of the organization.  In the case of Far Horizon, there are three administrative issues that need to be addressed.Issue 1: HiringPhase 3 of Far Horizon’s plan involves the opening and fu ll-operation of the convention center. This requires the manager of the organization to recruit people suitable of the position. Various job openings will be created by the convention center.The manager must ensure that the right and best people are placed in positions where they are most suited for and where the can perform their duties successfully.Issue 2: Monitoring of Management TeamsAs stated in Far Horizon’s business plan, its management team is composed of only 3 members. Such team is composed of the owner, the bar and restaurant manager, as well as a consultant who has been hired to give advice on certain issues pertaining to the different aspects of the firm’s management.There is no clear outline of which manager is in charge of what area. It was stated in the business plan that operations, marketing, and finance management teams have already been established. However, it is quite evident that the 3 members of Far Horizon’s management team have not div ided the leadership of such areas among themselves.This may lead to a case wherein no one among the three members can properly monitor the actions of the said management teams. Without proper monitoring by the heads of the management, the actions of the management teams may not be inline with the goals of the company.Issue 3: Delegation of TasksWith the expansion of Far Horizon’s services, more tasks are required out of the current employees as well as those that are to be hired. Because of this, the managers must ensure that all tasks, duties, and responsibilities are covered and assigned.This requires proper delegation to personnel suited for the task. Moreover, it must be ensured that when an employee is assigned certain tasks, that employee is fully capable of fulfilling the said assignments. Too many assignments may cause the employee to give a sub-par performance while too little tasks will mean that the said employee is under-utilized.Basically, the management must ens ure that an adequate number of tasks are assigned to each employee in such a way that his services are maximized.Organizational Role of ManagementThe organization role of management basically refers to the function of managers wherein they design the organization in such a way that the whole organization is properly directed towards the achievement of the common goals of the organization.Managers need to be able to define the key areas of the organization and strategy by which these key areas will supplement each other in order to achieve the objectives of the whole organization. Various activities are related to the organizational role of managers. In the case of Far Horizon, there are a number of issues that the management needs to address in order to successfully lead the organization.Issue 1: StructureThe design of the organizational structure is one of the key activities of the management. Since Far Horizon provides various services to its customers and it has plans to expand i ts range of services, the management must consider a structure that will allow its personnel to attend to the key activities of the organization.Moreover, Far Horizon must be structured in such a way that it leaves room for expansion. This means that the structure must be flexible and dynamic because Far Horizon has yet to establish itself fully.Issue 2: Organizational DevelopmentOrganizational development refers to, â€Å"Organizational development is an effort, planned, organization-wide, and managed from the top, to increase organization effectiveness and health through planned interventions in the organization's processes, using behavioral-science knowledge.† (Beckhard, 1969)This is one of the key organizational functions of managers. The management must continuously seek out strategies by which the effectiveness of all areas of Far Horizon may be maintained and improved continuously. This must be done so that the company will remain competitive from a long-term perspecti ve.Issue 3: TechnologyTechnology is constantly changing. The managers of Far Horizon must ensure that they employ the latest technology not just in the services offered to their clients but within the organization has well. Moreover, they must determine where technology will be most useful within the organizations. The use of technology can make organizational process simpler. Inevitably, it can help the managers lead and take control of Far Horizon better.Reference:Beckhard, R. (1969). Organizational Development: Strategies and Models. Addison-Wesley.

Economics Reaction Paper on Sabah Essay

A feud between two Muslim governments, ignited by the sultan of  Sulu when he and his subjects headed to Sabah to reclaim their once territory. Some standoff that went on for over a month now. This standoff that gained nothing but transgressions, especially on the  side of the sultanate of Sulu. Their futile measures to repossess Sabah. Their  defiance against the president’s orders to not proceed. This only resulting to the  massacre of the sultan’s clan members. To this day, the sultan, his family, and  followers were being hunted down by the Malaysian military forces. With this,  they always have to take evasive action for them to survive. Then, there’s the  possible criminal charges which the Kiram family might face once they go back  to the Philippines. Additional problems to be solved by the government. The people fleeing  from Sabah, Malaysia because of the ongoing firefight between the Royal Family  of Sulu and the Malaysian Armed Forces there; Heading to refuge camps in our  country. Also, the decline on the supply of goods in Muslim provinces in the   Philippines. The goods and services, coming from Malaysia, are having increase  in terms of their price. All of these are happening because the Malaysian government is  prohibiting the people in our country to enter their territory without their  permission. Now that the facts about this issue are laid down, we will readily  proceed my personal thoughts regarding this matter. First of all, I find it a very impulsive and reckless move for the Royal  Family of Sulu to start yet another dispute between the Philippines and  Malaysia. To make another historical claim in regards with Sabah is like  starting a never-ending war. It only gets worse by the minute. No fruitful  result reaped. Another, I don’t think that our country could ever obtain again the  rights on Sabah. I said it because we have been making claims on this for  many years. Still, nothing has happened. So what makes the sultan of Sulu think that he could, they could? Economics Reaction Paper Passed by: Shunamite D. Purificacion I-22 Passed to: Mr. Serafin Arviola

Licensing in Biotechnology Industry Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Licensing in Biotechnology Industry - Assignment Example An exclusive license ensures as well as grants a licensee the assurance that the IP will not be passed to another individual or third party. The time period of an exclusive license is identified to be limited on the basis of protection period ensured in IP or can be extended with the addition of new IP in the license (Fisher and Erbisch 37-56). Periodic reports are important documents, providing information in relation to royalty payment. The reports are also identified as important considerations based on which, commercialisation of the technology developed is ascertained (Fisher and Erbisch 37-56). In license agreement of IP, there is a provision stating assurance to a licensor that a licensee is liable to conduct the agreed license in relation to IP based on accepted legal terms along with conditions mentioned in the agreement. Accordingly, the licensee is liable to reveal the licensor the progress of license within a stipulated time. Failure to do so might lead to the termination of the license (Fisher and Erbisch 37-56). Shelving of license implies to a provision based on which, a licensee might terminate the relationship or agreements made with licensor. The licensor can acquire the technology if the commercialisation of the licensed technology is jeopardised or if the diligence terms failed to be met (Fisher and Erbisch 37-56). According to the license agreement, the licensee offers the licensor with the liability or warranty provision on the commencement of the licensed technology. The provision protects the rights along with the responsibilities of licensor in relation to infringement of claim (Fisher and Erbisch 37-56). Agreement governance is a legal provision facilitating licensor to minimise legal costs that might be brought forward by licensee by taking into consideration the legal actions of specific geographical area of the licensed technology (Fisher and Erbisch 37-56). Use of names is a provision through which a